[To “Nineteenth-Century American Children & What They Read”]

The American Spelling Book
by Noah Webster (1800?)

Noah Webster (1758-1843) was the man of words in early 19th-century America. Compiler of a dictionary which has become the standard for American English, he also compiled The American Spelling Book, which was the basic textbook for young readers in early 19th-century America. Before publication of this book in 1783, many schools used Thomas Dilworth’s A New Guide to the English Tongue. (Samuel Goodrich learned to read from Dilworth; he thought Webster’s book was better.) Webster’s book, with its polysyllabic words broken into individual syllables and its precepts and fables, became the favorite. Revised several times by Webster, as the “blue-back speller” it taught generations of Americans how to read and how to spell. (Several books will be of interest to researchers: Defining Noah Webster: Mind and Morals in the Early Republic, by K. Alan Snyder, is a thorough discussion of the social values Webster espoused in his works; A Common Heritage: Noah Webster’s Blue-Back Speller, by E. Jennifer Monaghan, is an informative look at the Speller, its history, and Webster; A Bibliography of the Writings of Noah Webster, compiled by Emily Ellsworth Ford Skeel and Edwin H. Carpenter, Jr., is invaluable for identifying copies of the Speller and of Webster’s other works.)

Today, the Spelling Book is useless as a children’s textbook, but it provides us an example of what Webster thought it important to tell young learners about morality (readers could decide to emulate the “good boy” or the “bad boy”) and the principles of American government (members of Congress must be paid because otherwise “none but rich men could afford to serve as delegates,” and “there are many men of little property, who are among the most able, wise and honest persons in a state”). The Spelling Book also shows the ways a language can change in 200 years—spelling, for example: “musquetoe”; “potatoe” (which may please fans of a recent American vice-president). And there are hints of the way some early Americans spoke: “angel” had an extra syllable; “negro” was also pronounced “negur.” (For the way the language looked 50 years later, see Dictionary of Americanisms.)

Unfortunately, this copy is missing the part of its title page that would tell us who printed it and when. The Spelling Book was by necessity published by various printers in the large cities, who contracted with Webster to produce the book. (See Monaghan for details.) My copy probably was published in Wilmington, Delaware, by Bonsal and Niles. Like the 10th Wilmington edition (1802) described by Skeel and Carpenter (#69), it has 151 pages; editions from other printers are different lengths. My copy also contains the charmingly inelegant woodcuts that appeared in the Bonsal and Niles copies. (See Skeel and Carpenter, plate XI.) And what’s left of the title page is exactly like that of the 11th Wilmington edition, reproduced in the Early American Imprints, Second Series (#3518). (That I may have purchased it from a bookseller in Delaware may also be an indicator.)

Fortunately, the publication date may have been provided elsewhere in the book. “For the first few years of publication of the speller,” Skeel and Carpenter point out, “the final number in the section ‘Of Numbers’ was almost always the same as the title-page date in the dated editions, so it has been taken as a strong indication of the year for undated editions.” (p. 5) The final number here, on page 108, is 1800. Certainly it was printed after 1790, when the “Federal Catechism” appeared as part of the Spelling Book, and after 1794, when the “Moral Catechism” was added. (See Skeel and Carpenter, #36 and #39.)

If it is the 1800 edition, this would make this one of the earliest copies described of the Wilmington edition. The 10th edition—the earliest Wilmington edition described by Skeel and Carpenter—is dated 1802, as is the 11th edition; a recent search on OCLC returned no earlier Wilmington copies than those.

Like many early textbooks, this copy has had an active life. At some point, it lost its frontispiece (a truly unflattering portrait of Webster) and the bottom half of its title page. Ripped from its covers, the book was carefully reassembled and sewn back into its leather binding with strong thread. In 2006, the title page appeared on page 45 of 5,000 Miles to Freedom: Ellen and William Craft’s Flight from Slavery, by Judith Bloom Fradin and Dennis Brindell Fradin (Washington, DC: National Geographic).

The book is presented here in its entirety, both in transcription and in page images. Transcribing this book has been … not the kind of thing I ever want to do ever again—ever. I’ve kept almost all the formatting, including the many tables. I’ve also included the signature marks, in backslashes: //B//. My corrections and text missing in my copy are in square brackets: [t]he. The missing text has been copied from the 11th Wilmington edition, reproduced as part of the Early American Imprints, second series (#3518).

Certain decisions were made in the service of readability. The long “s” was not retained; I added an extra space between paragraphs and once or twice added a blank line where the printer evidently had no space for one; and words divided at the end of a line were rejoined without comment. Those wishing to see the divided words can look at the page images.

Page images are linked to the transcribed text. The images are extremely large, for the sake of readability. They are of the two-page spreads, so viewers can get a sense of what students saw when they opened the book. For that reason, too, the images are in color.

Webster’s book relies on many (many, many) carefully spaced tables and columns. For best viewing of the transcript, please ensure that your browser uses a fixed-space font such as “Courier New” for fixed fonts.

http://www.merrycoz.org/books/spelling/SPELLING.xhtml
The American Spelling Book, by Noah Webster (Wilmington: Bonsal & Niles, 1800?)

[frontispiece missing]

-----
[page image]
[title page]



THE
AMERICAN
Spelling Book.

CONTAINING AN EASY
STANDARD of PRONUNCIATION.

BEING THE
FIRST PART
OF A
GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE
OF THE
E N G L I S H     L A N G U A G E.

TO WHICH IS ADDED
An APPENDIX containing a MORAL
CATECHISM, and a FEDERAL
CATECHISM.

———+———
By NOAH WEBSTER, JUN. E[SQ.]

AUTHOR OF “DISSERTATION ON THE []

“COLLECT[]

[Wilmington:  Bonsal & Niles, 1800?]



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[page image]
[dedication]



TO THE
REV. EZRA STILES, S. T. D.
PRESIDENT OF YALE COLLEGE
A N D
PROFESSOR OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY,
THIS FIRST PART
O F  A
GRAMMATICAL INSTITUTE
OF THE
E N G L I S H    L A N G U A G E,
Is, with Permission,
MOST HUMBLY INSCRIBED
As a Testimony of the Author’s Veneration,
FOR THE
[SUP]ERIOR TALENTS, PIETY AND PATRIOTISM,
Which enabled him to preside over that
[SEAT] OF LITERATURE
[WITH DISTINGUISHED REPUTATION,
Which render him an ornament to the
CHRISTIAN PROFESSION,
And give him an eminent rank among the illustrious characters
THAT ADORN THE REVOLUTION.]



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[p. v]

                RECOMMENDATIONS.

HAVING examined the first part of the new Grammatical 
Insitute of the English Language, published by Mr. Noah 
Webster we are of opinion, that it is far preferable, in the plan and 
execution, to Dilworth’s or any other Spelling Book, which has 
been introduced into [o]ur schools.  In these the entire omission of 
the rules of pronunciation is a capital defect, which very few of the 
parents, schoolmasters or mistresses, employed in teaching children 
the first rudiments have sufficient knowledge to supply.  The usual 
method of throwing together, in the same tables, and without any 
mark of distinction, words in which the same letters are differently 
pronounced, and the received rules of dividing syllables, which are 
wholly arbitrary, and often unnatural, seem calculated to puzzle 
the learner, and mislead the instructor into a vicious pronunciations.  
These defects and mistakes are judiciously supplied in the present 
work, and the various additions are made with such propriety, that 
we judge this new Spelling Book will be extremely beneficial for 
the use of schools.  Subscribed by the following Gentlemen.

The Hon. Oliver Wolcott, Esq.         Rev. Samuel Hopkins,
  Lieut. Gov. of Connecticut,         Col. Samuel Wyllys,
Rev. Ezra Stiles, S. T. D.            Ralp Pomeroy, Esq. [sic]
  President of Yale College,          John Trumbull, Esq.
Rev. Elizur Goodrich, D. D.           Rev. Timothy Dwight, D. D.
Rev. Patrick Allison, D. D.           Rev. Eliphalet Steele,
Hon. Steph. M. Mitchel, Esq.          Rev. Nathan Strong,
Col. George Syllys, Secretary         Rev. Nathan Perkins,
  of State,                           Rev. Joseph Buckminster,
Col. Thomas Seymour, Mayor            Mr. Andrew Law,
  of the City of Hartford,            Daniel Lyman, Esq.
Gen. Samuel H. Parsons,               Chauncy Goodrich, Esq.
Hon. John Treadwell, Esq.             Joel Barlow, Esq.

-------

Extract of a letter from Dr. Joseph Willard, President of the 
  University at Cambridge, to the author, dated Feb. 2, 1784.

     SIR,
I RECEIVED, some time ago, three copies of your Grammatical 
institute of the English Language.  I have perused it myself, 
and put into the hands of several friends for their perusal.  We 
all concur in the opinion, that it is much superior to Mr. Dilworth's 
New Guide, and that it may be very useful in Schools.

   I wish you success, sir[,] in every endeavour to advance useful 
knowledge, and hope, in a particular manner, that your exertions 
to promote an accurate acquaintance with the English Language 
among our youth, will be attended with the greatest advantage.
                              I am Sir, your humble servant.
                                        JOSEPH WILLARD.


//A 2//

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[page image]
 p. vi

Copy of a letter from Tapping Reeve, Esq. formerly one of 
  the Masters of the College at Princetown, to John Canfield, 
  Esq. dated Litchfield, October 12, 1782.

     SIR,
MR. Webster, has shewn me a plan of a new English Spelling 
Book and Grammar; informing me that you wish to know 
my opinion respecting it.  I have perused it sufficiently to form 
an opinion of the general plan; it appears to be well conceived 
and judiciously executed, and I apprehend would better answer the 
purposes of its design than any thing I have hitherto seen.  I think 
it well deserves the attention of the public:  for, what is no little 
importance, the general use of it will go very far towards demolishing 
all the odious distinctions occasioned by provincial dialects.
                              Yours, &c.     TAPPING REEVE.

                            —————

Extract of a letter from Mr. Benjamin West, Fellow of the 
  American Academy of Arts and Sciences at Boston, to the 
  Author, dated Providence, September 11, 1784.

     SIR,
WITH great pleasure and satisfaction I have perused your 
Grammatical Institute of the English Language, and think 
it the best plan for the instruction of youth of any that has yet 
been published.  You may depend on it, Sir, I shall do all in my 
power to encourage the sale of it; and if you think my name will 
be of any weight, you are welcome to make use of it.  I am, Sir, 
with the greatest sincerity, your most obedient humble servant,
                              BENJAMIN WEST.

                            —————
                   College at Providence, April 14, 1785.

HAVING examined Mr. Webster's Grammatical Institute we 
embrace this opportunity to express our approbation of a 
work of so much use and merit.  We think he deserves the thanks 
of all his Countrymen, who wish to speak or write the English 
Language properly.
                              STEPHEN HOPKINS, Chancellor.
                              JAMES MANNING, President.
                              ASHUR ROBBINS, Tutor.

                            —————

PERSPICUITY, correctness and precision, should as much as 
possible, attend every branch of instruction:  These are 
peculiarly necessary in its introductory elements.

   On perusing this first part of a Grammatical institute, it is with 
pleasure we find the powers of our alphabet judiciously ascertained; 
the spelling methodized more happily than is usual in books 
of this sort; the rules concise, explicit, and exceedingly well 
adapted to their end.

-----
p. vii

   Any Spelling Book, we are sensible, may be used to advantage 
in the hands of a teacher who is himself a good judge of pronunciation; 
but it is the peculiar excellence of this, that, wherever it 
is adopted, the teacher, however deficient at present in that 
necessary accomplishment, cannot remain so.

   It may be observed, indeed, that in some instances the author, 
confiding in his own sense of propriety, has ventured to depart 
from that pronunciation which has been generally received.*  How 
far the public will approve of the deviations from former practice, 
we do not undertake to determine.  However, they are but few, 
and in themselves not very considerable.  In all events we can 
safely recommend this little book as a performance of special merit.
                            SAM. MAGAW, Vice Provost of the 
                               University of Pennsylvania.
                            JOHN ANDREWS, Principal of the 
July 20, 1787,               Academy of the Protestant Episcopal
                                    Church in Philadelphia.

                            =======

MR. Webster's Spelling Book, for the use of Children in the 
rudiments of the English Language, is, in my opinion, the 
best that has yet been published.
                              ANDREW BROWN.

Young Ladies Academy, in the City of Phila. July 21, 1787.

                            =======
                              New-York, July 4, 1788.

THE Committee of the Philological Society appointed to examine 
the first part of Mr. Webster's Grammatical Institute 
of the English Language, beg leave to report to the Society, 
that they approve of the plan and execution of the work, and 
recommend it to the use of schools in the United States, as an accurate 
well digested system of principles and rules, calculated to 
destroy the various false dialects in pronunciation in the several States, 
an object very desirable in a federal republic.

   In Society.  Resolved, That the Society do accept the 
foregoing report.                 Test. JOSIAH O. HOFFMAN, President.


     * In the author's dissertations, the contrary is proved.

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[page image]
[p. viii]

                  ====================

                      PREFACE.

                       ==========

THE design of this Grammatical institute is to furnish schools
in this country with an easy, accurate and comprehensive
system of rules and lessons for teaching the English language.

   To frame a complete system upon such an extensive plan, it was
judged requisite to compile a small cheap volume for the use of
beginners, containing words methodically arranged, sufficient to 
give the learner a just idea of spelling.*

   Among the defects and absurdities found in the books of this
kind hitherto used, we may rank the want of a thorough investigation
of the sounds in the English language, and the powers of the
several letters—the promiscuous arrangement of words in the same
table, in which the same letters have several different sounds—the
unnatural and arbitrary method of dividing syllables, which separates
letters from the syllables where they belong, supplying the
defect by artificial marks, and which, in several hundred words,
makes more syllables than are pronounced—and particularly the 
omission of a criterion by which the various sounds of the vowels
may be distinguished.

   In attempting to correct these faults, it was necessary to begin
with the elements of the language, and explain the powers of the
letters.  With regard to some of them, the opinions of Grammarians
are divided; but perhaps the definitions given in the
analysis, of the terms vowel, diphthong, and consonant, will
establish an almost infallible rule for the decision of every question
respecting the alphabet.

   The Index or Key to the pronunciation of the vowels and diphthongs,
appears to me sufficiently plain, and so accurate as to
prevent every material error.  A more accurate plan may be formed;
but it must be too intricate to be useful in common schools.


   * It appears to me a great misapplication of money, to put
a large book, and especially a grammar, into the hands of
children who are learning the letters.

-----
p. ix

   In adapting the first tables to the capacities of children, and the
progress of knowledge in the tender mind, particular care has been
taken to begin with easy words, and proceed gradually through
every class to those that are most irregular and difficult.

   Most monosyllables of general use are collected in the following
work, except such as end in e, and have the preceding vowel long;
or such as end in a consonant, and have the preceding vowel short;
and a few in ee, in either of which cases, the bare mention of the
letters is sufficient to lead the learner to a just pronunciation.

   In the tables of polysyllables, most or all the anomalous words
of common use are collected; terms of art, which belong to
particular professions are omitted.

   In order to comprise the greatest possible number of words in a
small compass, compound and derivative words are generally omitted;
as they usually follow the rules of their primitives.

   The syllables of words are divided as they are pronounced, and
for this obvious reason, that children learn the language by the ear.
Rules are of no consequence but to printers and adults.  In Spelling
Books they embarrass children, and double the labour of the teacher.
The whole design of dividing words into syllables at all, is to lead
the pupil to the true pronunciation:  and the easiest method to effect
this purpose will forever be the best.  Reason might teach this
truth; but experience places the matter beyond a controversy:—
The teachers who have used the former editions of this work,
have unanimously declared, that children learn to spell and pronounce
with more ease and exactness, and give much less trouble
to the matter, than they did in the use of Di[l]worth's New Guide,
or other Spelling Books framed on the same plan.

   As the orthography of our language is not yet settled with precision,
I have in this particular generally followed the most approved
authors of the last and present century.  In some classes of words the
spelling of Ash is preferred to that of Johnson, which is less correct.
The names of places peculiar to America are not all spelt
as in former books; but it is expected this licence will be excused,
as it renders the spelling more agreeable to the pronunciation.  The
spelling of such words as publick, favour, neighbour, bead, prove,
phlegm, his, give, debt, rough, well, instead of the more natural
and easy method, public, favor, nabor, bed, proov, flem, hiz, giv,
det, ruf, wel, has the plea of antiquity in its favour; and yet I am
convinced that common sense and convenience will sooner or later
get the better of the present absurd practice.  But when we give
new names to places, rivers, &c[.] or express Indian sounds by
English letters, the orthography should coincide exactly with the true
pronunciation.  To retain old difficulties may be absurd; but to

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[page image]
 p. x

create them without he least occasion, is folly in the extreme.  It
is the work of years to learn the present spelling of our language—
a work which, with a correct orthography, might be performed in
a few months.

   The advantage of familiarizing children to the spelling and
pronunciation of American names is very obvious, and must give this
work the preference to foreign Spelling Books.  It is of great
importance to give our youth early and correct information respecting
the geography of this country.  We have a multitutde of books
which give us the state of other countries, but scarcely one which
affords us any account of our own.*

   An explanation of the names and geographical terms in this part
of the Institute, are given in the third part.

   The necessity and probable utility of the plan will best appear by
examining the execution.  Such material alterations of the old system
of education will undoubtedly alarm the rigid friends of antiquity;
but in vindication of the work, the author assures the public,
that it has the approbation and patronage of many of the principal
literary characters in America, and that it is framed upon a
plan similar to those of the best Lexicographers and Grammarians
in the British nation.

   To diffuse an uniformity and purity of language in America—to
destroy the provincial prejudices that originate in the trifling
differences of dialect, and produce reciprocal ridicule—to promote the
interest, literature and the harmony of the United States—is the
most ardent wish of the author; and it is his highest ambition to
deserve the approbation and encouragement of his countrymen.


     * Mr. Morse's Geography has supplied this defect.

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[p. 11]

                    ===============
                     THE AMERICAN
                 SPELLING BOOK.

                        —-+—-

          ANALYSIS OF SOUNDS IN THE ENGLISH
                       LANGUAGE.

IN the English alphabet there are twenty five single characters,
that stand as representatives of certain sounds.  A, b, c, d, e, f, g,
i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z.  H is not a mark 
of sound; but it qualifies or gives form to a succeeding sound.*

   In order to understand these letters, or rather the sounds they
represent, it is necessary to decline the meaning of the words vowel,
diphthong and consonant.

   A vowel is a simple articulate sound.  A simple sound is formed
by opening the mouth in a certain manner, without any contact
of the parts of it.  Whenever a sound can be begun and completed 
with the same positions of the organs, it is a simple sound.

   A diphthong is a union of two simple sounds, pronounced at one 
breath.  To form a diphthong, there are necessarily required two
different positions of the organs of speech.

   A consonant, or, as it is called by the ancients, a close-letter,
forms no distinct articulate sound of itself.  In pronouncing most
of the English consonants, there is required a contact of the parts
of the mouth, and the union of a vowel; though some of the
consonants form imperfect syllables of themselves.]

   According to these definitions, let us examine the letters of the
English alphabet.

   The letters a, e, o, are vowels.  With the same position of the
organs, with which we begin the sound of these letters, the sounds
may be prolonged at pleasure:  they are therefore simple sounds
or vowels.

   The letters i and y are either vowels, diphthongs or consonants.
They are both characters for the same sound, in different words,
and different situations.  In the words die, defy, they are the same


   * It is however, questioned by some critics, whether h may
not be ranked among the gutteral letters.

   † This is the case with the semi-vowels in the words feeble,
baptism, and with almost all terminations in e.

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[page image]
 p. 12

diphthong; we begin the sound with nearly the same position of
the organs, as we do broad a, though not quite the same; but not
being able to continue that sound, we run into e, and there close
the sound.  Two different positions of the organs are required;
consequently two different sounds are formed, which being closely
united in the pronunciation, are denominated a diphthong.*

   In the words sight, pit, glory, Egypt, i and y are vowels.  The
sound of i in sight, would run into e, and so form a diphthong, if
it were not prevented by the following consonant.  But the short
sound of i and y, as in pit, and glory, is always a simple sound.

   In the words valiant, youth, i and y have a liquid sound, which
is formed by a contact of the tongue and upper part of the mouth,
and certainly deserves a place among the consonants.

   U is a vowel or a diphthong.  Its short sound, as in the word
tun, is a vowel; its long sound in truth, is a vowel; its long
sound when it closes a syllable, as in due, is a diphthong, composed
of its simple sound in truth, and the sound of oo.  In a few words
i answers the purpose of the consonant y before u, as in union,
unanimity, which are pronounced yunion, yunanimity.

   W is a vowel; its sound being nearly the same as oo short, in
root.  Before another vowel it is used to form a diphtong; as in
will, dwell, which are pronounced ooill, dooell.  Some authors
content that it is a consonant; but according to the foregoing
definitions, it is rather a vowel.†

   As these characters have different powers, so there are other
vowels expressed by the same characters.  The sound of a in
hall, which is called broad a is a distinct vowel:  in father, huzza,
it is another; o in move, is another:  and the short u is also a
distinct vowel.  Several of the vowels have a short sound or quantity
and what is very singular, the short and long sounds are in most
instances represented by different characters.  Thus,


   * This has been sometimes called a double vowel, which is,
in strict propriety, absurd; for if a vowel is a simple sound, then
a double vowel must be a double simple sound.  Nor can we
pronounce a compound sound; for in all diphthong sounds we
pronounce one simple sound first, then the others, and each
distinctly.  The definition of a diphthong given appears to me
accurate.

   † I am not strenuous in this opinion; it approaches so near
a consonant that it can hardly be distinguished from one.

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p. 13

      {a in late makes short e in let.
      {e in feet makes short i in fit.
      {o in pool makes short u in pull.
      {
Long  {                       {o in holly, or
      {a in hall makes short  {a in wallow.
      {
      {a in father makes a short in fathom.
      {o in hone makes o short in home.

   The short sounds of the four first are almost always represented
by other characters, as may be observed in the examples.

   That e in let i[s] the same vowel as a in late, as demonstrable by
this consideration, that no more than one articulate sound can be
formed by the same position of the organs of speech.  The only
difference in the sound that can be made by the same configuration
of the parts of the mouth is to prolong or shorten the same sound.
According to this principle we observe that late and let being
pronounced with the same apperture of the mouth, and with the same
disposition of the organs, as nearly as the consonant t will permit,
must contain the same vowel.  The same rule will apply to
the other examples.

   Al the long and short simple sounds in English are found in
the following words:
                              Long.
      1     2     3      4       5      6      7       8
      a     a     a      e       i      o      o       u
    late,  ask,  hall,  here,  sight,  note,  move,  truth.

                             Short.
      2      1     4     9     7           3
      a      e     i     u     u      o    or  a
     hat,  let,  fit,  but,  bush,  not,  or  what.

   By these it appears that all the vowels, except the 5th, 6th, 8th,
and 9th, have duplicates—that those vowels that are placed under
the same figure, are only different qualities of the same sound—
and that deducting the five duplicates, there remain nine distinct
simple sounds or vowels.*

   According to the foregoing theory of sounds, oi, oy, ou, and
ow, are diphthongs.  The two former are different combinations for
the same sound, which is always composed of broad a and long e.
The two latter are also representatives of the same sound, which is
composed of a sound peculiar to itself, and that of oo.  Examples
of the former we have in the words, voice, joy; of the latter in
loud.


   * I and u are vowels only when followed by consonants.  The
proper vowels are seven.


//B//

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[page image]
 p. 14

   The other diphthongs in the language are attended with no
difficulty, as a just pronunciation of them naturally results from the
customary sounds of the letters that compose them.

   The consonants are divided into mutes and semivowels.

   The mutes are b, d, g, k, p, t.  In pronouncing these syllables,
eb, ed, eg, ek, ep, et, especially the three last, which are perfectly
mute, the voice is wholly intercepted by the consonant.  But in
pronouncing the semivowels, f, l, m, n, r, f, v, s, in the syllables ef,
el, em, en, er, es, ev, ez, we may observe a voice is not wholly
intercepted at once, but the sound of the consonant is prolonged.
Besides these there are five consonants, which for want of single
characters we express by double letters; sh in shall; th in think;
th in thou; s in delusion, and ng in sing.  These are all simple
consonants and semivowels.  It would be well if they were called
by the names, esh, eth, zh, ing[.]

   H is not a mark of sound, but only of a strong aspiration or
emission of breath.

   C is totally superfluous; being always sounded like k or s.

   Q is always followed by u, and is the same as k.

   J is a mark of the sounds dzh.

   X is always sounded like ks, gz, or z.

   The consonants therefore will stand thus:

   Mutes; eb, ed, eg, ek, ep, et.

   Semivowels; ef, el, em, en, er, es, ev, ez, eth, esh, ezh, ing.

   The sounds of our vowels are so exceedingly capricious and
irregular, particularly in monosyllables, that they are hardly reducible
to rules; for which reason the learner is referred to the tables
for his knowledge of them.  A few general rules respecting the
consonants will be advantageous.

   B has one invariable sound, as in bird; before t and after m,
it is silent, as in doubt, dumb; as also in subtle.

   C before a, o, u, sounds like k; before e, i, y, like s.
                         ca  ce  ci  co  cu  cy
         Thus
                         ka  se  si  ko  ku  sy

   It is useless when followed by k in the same syllable, as in stick.
It is always hard like k in the end of words, as in public,
pronounced publick.  It sounds like sh in the terminations ceous,
cious, cial; as in cetacious, gracious, social, pronounced
cetashus, grashus, soshal.  It is sometimes silent, as in indict.

   D has always the same sound, as in rod.  It is sometimes silent,
as in handkerchief.

   F has always its own sound, as in offer; except in the word of,
where it sounds like v, ov.

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p. 15

   G has two sounds:  one as in go, the other like j, as in gentle.
It has its first or hard sound before a, o, u; in general its second
or soft sound before e and y, and is either hard or soft before i.
See Table 35.

   It is very frequently silent, 1st, before m, as in phlegm; 2dly,
before n, as in sign; 3dly, before h, as in sight, except when gh
sounds like f, in laugh.

   H is a mark of strong breathing, but is silent in heri, hour,
honest, honour, and their derivative.

   J is the mark of a compound sound, which is always the same,
viz. that of dzh or soft g, as in joy.  It is never silent.

   K has but one sound, as in king.  When it precedes n it is
always silent, as in know; and when united with c at the end of
words either c or k is superfluous, as in flick.

   L has only one sound as in lame, and is sometimes silent, as
in salmon, walk.

   M has but one sound, as in man, and is never silent.

   N is also uniform in its sound, but is always silent after m, in
the same syllable, as in hymn.

   P has but one uniform sound as in pit; and is silent between
m and t, as in contempt, sumptuary.

   Q has the power of k, and is always followed by u.  In some
words of French original it terminates the syllable, as in pique,
oblique, burlesque, where ue are not sounded.  It is never silent.

   R has always the same sound as in barrel, and is never silent.

   S has four sounds; that of soft c in so; of z, as in rise; of sh,
as in mission; of zh, as in osier, brasier.  But these sounds can
hardly be reduced to general rules.  It is silent in siel, island.  Its
various sounds may be found in the 26th and 28th Tables.

   T has its own proper sound, as in turn, at the beginning of words
and end of syllables.  It has the sound of sh in all terminations in
tion and tial; as nation, nuptial, except when preceded by a t
or x when it sounds like ch, as in question, mixtion.

   V has always the same sound as in voice, and is never silent.

   X has two compound sounds, viz. those of ks, and gz.  When
followed by an accented syllable beginning with a vowel, it has
the sound of gz, as in exist, example.  See table 39.  In almost
every other situation it has the sound of ks as in vex, exercise,
exculpate.

   In the beginning of some Greek names it sounds like z, as Xerxes,
Xenocrates, Xenophon.

   Z has two sounds; its proper sound, as in zeal; and taht of
zh, as in azure.  Its place is commonly usurped by an s, as in
wisdom, reason.

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 p. 16

              Simple Consonants marked with double letters.

   Th has two sounds, aspirated and vocal.  Aspirated in think,
hath.  Vocal in thou, that.  For the different sounds of th, see
the 12th and 32nd tables, where the words are collected and the
sounds distinguished.

   Sh has but one sound, as in shall, and is never silent.  But its
sound is expressed by several other characters; by c in social; by
t in notion; by s in passion.  The French ch has precisely the
same sound as sh in English, as in machine, chevalier.

   The sound of s in diffusion, occasion, &c. which is the French
j is best represented by zh.  For the words in which this sound
occurs, see table 28.

   Ng form a simple sound, which at the end of words, is always
uniform, as in sing, strong.  When the word ends in e the g is
soft like j, as in range.  When a syllable is added, the sound of
ng flows into the next syllable, as hang, hanger.  Except long,
strong, young, the derivatives of which are pronounced strong-er,
young-er.  Besides these we have several combinations of consonants,
but one of which is pronounced; these Mr. Sheridan calls
digraphs, that is double written.

   Sc before a, o, u and r, are pronounced like sk; as scale, scoff,
sculptor, scribble; before e, i, y, like simple s, or soft c, as scene,
science, scythe.*

   Sc before the several vowels is thus pronounced:
                    sca  sce  sci  sco  scu  scy
                    ska  se   si   sko  sku  sy

   Ch in words originally English sound like tsh; as in charm.

   In words derived from the Greek and Herbrew, and in technical
terms, like k; as chorus; Melchisedeck.

   In words derived from the French, generally sh; as in chivalry;
pronounced shivalry.  See the 33d and 34th tables.

   Gh sound like f; as in laugh, or are silent; as in lights.  This
rule admits of no exception.

   Ph have invariably the sound of f, unless in Stephen, where
the sound is that of v.

   N. B.  The sounds of the vowels digraphs, such as ea, ei &c.
can hardly be reduced to general rules, and it is rather unnecessary
in this work, as most words where they occur are collected
into the proper tables, where their sounds are distinguished.



                            R U L E S,
    For placing the accent in words of more syllables than one, and
                for pronouncing certain terminations.


   Accent is a stress of voice on some word or letter of a word that


          * More accurately spelled sithe.

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p. 17

distinguishes it from others.  If it falls on a vowel, it renders it
long as in glory; if it falls on a consonant, the preceding vowel
is short; as in habit.

   Simple dissyllables are generally accended on the first syllable:
But there are many exceptions that are not reducible to rules.

   In the following catalogue, the nouns are accented on the first,
and the verbs on the last syllable.

          Nouns.                  Verbs.
A or an ab’stract              To  abstract’
          ac’cent                    accent’
          af’fix                     affix’
          cem’ent                    cement’
          con’duct                   conduct’
          con’cert                   concert’
          con’fine                   confine’
          con’sort                   consort’
          con’test                   contest’
          con’tract                  contract’
          copn’vert                  convert’
          con’verse                  converse’
          con’vict                   convict’
          col’lect                   collect’
          con’voy                    convoy’
          com’pound                  compound’
          de’sert                    desert’
          des’cant                   descant’
          dis’count                  discount’
          di’gest                    digest’
          ex’port                    export’
          ex’tract                   extract’
          es’say                     essay’
          fer’ment                   ferment’
          fre’quent                  frequent’
          im’port                    import’
          in’cense                   incense’
          in’sult                    insult’
          ob’ject                    object’


//B [2]//

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          Nouns.                  Verbs.
A or an  out’work              To  outwork’
           pre’sent                  present’
           pro’duce                  produce’
           Pro’ject                  project’
           reb’el                    rebel’
           rec’ord                   record’
           ref’use                   refuse’
           sub’ject                  subject’
           sur’vey                   survey’
           tor’ment                  torment’
           trans’fer                 transfer’
           trans’port                transport’
           u’nite                    unite’


                        POLYSYLLABLES.

   The accent of Polysyllables is determined principally by the
final syllable.


                        TERMINATIONS.

   Words ending in ed, ing, ful, less, ness, est, ist, bly, ly, are
generally derived, and have the accent of their primitives; as have
most words in ble.

   Words ending in sive, sion, tion, always have the accent on
the last syllable but one.

   Words ending in cal, sy [except defy] my, ty and fy, generally
have the accent on the last syllable but two.  [sic]

                             In ic.
   Words ending in ic, are accented on the syllable immediately
preceding that termination:  as syllabic, republic.

   Exceptions—Choleric, tumeric, rhetoric, lunatic, splenetic,
heretic, politic, arithmetic, are accented on the last syllable but
two.

                             In ed.
   Words ending in ed are the past tenses and participles of verbs;
but the letter e is usually omitted in the pronunciation, and the d
joined to the preceding syllable; as establish'd.  But after t and
d the syllable ed is necessarily pronounced; as bated, preceded.

                             In ance.
   Words ending in ance generally have the accent on the last
syllable tu two; as arrogance.

                           Exception 1.
   When the primative [sic] has its accent on the last syllable, the

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p. 19

derivative has it on the last but one; as, appearance.

                           Exception 2.
   When ance is preceded by two consonants, the accent lies on
the first of htem; as, discordance.

   When i precedes ance, it is sometimes taken into the last syllable,
and pronounced like y; as valiance, pronounced valyance.
But in nouns formed of verbs of verbs ending in y accended, y is changed
into i, which retains the accent, and forms a distinct syllable; as
compliance, from comply.

                               In ence.
   Polysyllables in ence have the accent on the last syllable but
two; as benevolence.

   Exception—1st. Words derived retain the accent of their
primitives; as adherence, from adhere.

   2 When two consonatns precede ence, the accent is on the
first; as effulgence; except concupisence.

   When ence is preceded by ci, they are changed into the sound
of sh, and have the accent; as deficiense, pronounced defishence.

                             In cle.
   Trisyllables in cle have the accent on the first; as miracle,
oracle.  Words of more than thre syllables, have the accent farther
back:  as tabernacle; but recepticle, and perhaps conventicle,
should be accented on the second syllable.

                  In dle, fle, gle, kle, ple, tle.
   Most words that have these terminations are dissyllables, and
have the accent on the letter immediately preceding the termination;
as cradle, ruffle, eagle, buckle, turtle, &c.  Other words
have the accent on the first syllable; as principle, participle, &c.

                             In ure.
   These either follow their primitives; as intermixture, from
intermix; or are accened as far back as the third or fourth syllable;
as literature, judicature.  But legislature is accented
on the first and third.

                             In ate.
   The accent in these words is for the most part on the last syllable
but two; as felicitate, hesitate.  But when two consonants
precede the last syllable, the accent is on the first of them; as
consummate.

                             In ive.
   This termination in words of more syllables than one, is
always sounded iv; as motive, pronounced motiv.

                             In tive.
   Words ending in tive have the accent on the last syllable but
two, or farther back; as positive, communicative.

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   But when two consonants precede ive, the first has the accent;
as, attentive; except a substantive, which is accented on the
first syllable.

                             In ial.
   This termination is commonly pronounced in one syllable.—
When preceded by c or t its sound is the same as shal; as judicial,
pronounced judishal.  The accent of such words is on the
last syllable but one.

   I cannot agree with Mr. Sheridan in accounting ial a syllable
in all cases.  It appears to me that in connubial, ministerial, &c.
ial cannot be pronounced in one syllable without a violent exertion
of the organs, and after our utmost efforts we are obliged to
make a great distinction of syllables.  And if ial be considered as
forming two syllables unless preceded by c or t, the accent falls on
the last but two.  The words denial, decrial have the accent on i.

                             In ian.
   This ending with c or t before it, is pronounced shan:  as
magician, tertian; except an s precedes t, when the last syllable
is pronounced chan, as christian, fustian; and the accent is on
the last syllable but one.

   But the terminating syllable gian is pronounced ;jan; as,
collegian.*

   With other letters it forms two syllables, and the accent is on
the last syllable but two; as librarian.

                             In en.
   This termination is very often contracted, by omitting e and
joining n to the former syllable; as heav'n.  But e ought not to
be apostrophised either in poetry or prose.  The accent is usually
on the first syllable.

                             In ion.
   This termination is usually but one syllable, and pronounced
yun; as million, opinion.  See table 31.  When this is the
case, the accent is on the syllable immediately preceding ion.—
When two or more consonatns precede ion, the first has the accent
as quaternion.

                             In sion.
   This termination is always pronounced ahun; except another
consonant precedes it, when it sounds shun.  See tables 26 and 28.

                             In tion.
   This termination is invariably pronounced shun; as notion;
except when preceded by s or x, when it is pronounced chun;
as dijestion, commixtion.


     * It is said that dian is pronounced in the same manner as
comedian, pronounced comejan.  If so, how shall we pronounce
trajedian?

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p. 21

                           In eer and ier.
   All polysyllables in eer have the accent on the last syllable
and all in ier, pronounced in one syllable; as domineer, cavalier,
ier being pronounced as eer.

                             In er.
   Words ending in er, being for the most part derived, follow
their primatives [sic] in their accents; as politer for polite.

   In polysyllables not derived, the accent is generally on the last
syllable but two; as astronomer.  But this rule has exceptions.

                             In or.
   When or is preceded by the vowel i, they form a syllable,
which is pronounced yur; as senior.  See table 31.

                             In ous.
   This termination is always sounded us.  When preceded by ce,
ci or ti, it forms the syllable shus; as segacious, cetatious,
sententious, pronounced segashus, cetashus, sentenshus.

   When the vowel i, and a consonant precede the terminations
eous and ious, the accent is on the letter immediately preceding
the consonant that is taken into the last syllable; as tenacious.

   But when ous is preceded by other letters, the accent is on the
last syllable but two; as voluminous; except two consonants
precede the last syllable, when the accent falls on the first of them;
as tremendous.

                             In ant.
   Polysyllables in ant have the accent on the last syllable but
two; as extravagant; except when two consonants meet in the
middle; as trumphant.  But protestant is accented on the first:
confidant, complaisant, have the accent on the last; as also
Levant, a gallant; and compound words of two syllables; as
recant.

                             In ent.
   Words terminating in ent preceded by any consonant except m
have the accent on the last syllable but one; as dependent.—
But words ending in ment, being gnerally formed from verbs,
retain the accent of their primitives; as confinement from confine.

   When the vowel i precedes ment, the accent is on the last
syllable but two; as compliment.

   When ent is preceded by ti, and ci, it forms with them the
syllable shent; ancient, consentien, pronounced anshent,
consenshent.

   Words in lent are accented on the last syllable but two, as
benevolent; except when l is double; as repellent; and to this
also excellent is an exception, being accented on the first.

   All words in ment not derived, have the accent on the last
syllable but two; as testament.

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                             In ay.
   Compound words of two syllables have the accent on the last;
as delay, holiday.

                             In cy.
   Words in cy are usually nouns derived from verbs, nouns or
adjectives, and retain the accent of their primitives; as intimacy,
from intimate.

   In words not derived, the accent is back on the third or fourth
syllable; as democracy, necromancy.

                  Polysyllables in gy.
   These are also accented on the last syllable but two; as prodigy,
chronolgy.  In this termination g is soft unless preceded
by another g; as foggy, when it is hard.

                             In ny.
   Trisyllables ending in ny are accented on the first; as calumny.
Polysyllables on the first; as matrimony; except anemony,
hexagony, cosmogony, monotony, &c. which have the accent on the
letter immediately preceding on.

                             In ry.
   Trisyllables in ry have the accent on the last but two; as diary;
polysyllables on the last but three:  as epistolary.  But carravansary,
dispensary, aniversary, [sic] testamentary, parliamentary, are
accented on the last but two.  Adversary, commentary, momentary,
voluntary, on the first.

   In words of four syllables, with the half accent on the last but
one, the termination ary is sounded erry; thus monentary is
pronounced momenterry.

                             In ery.
   These have generally the accent on the last syllable but two;
except deletery, monastery, baptistery, where it is on the first.
Ery is always sounded erry.


         Terminations of the plural number, and of Verbs.  In es.

   When es form a distinct syllable, as is always the case after
sh, ch, x, s, c, g and z, it is pronounced iz; as brushes, churches,
boxes, houses, places, sages, freezes; pronounced brushiz,
churchiz, boxiz, housiz, placiz, sagiz, freeziz.  But if es
follow other letters e is silent, and s sounds like c or z.

            S sounds like c after the following letters:
              f, as in stuffs,          t, as in shuts.
              k, as in packs.           1
              p, as in hopes.           th, as in truths.

   And if e precedes s,  it alters not the sound of s; as hopes,
where e is silent.

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p. 2[3]

           S sounds like z, after the following letters:
              b, as in robs, pronounced robz
              d, as in beds            bedz
              g, as in rags            ragz
              l, as in seals           sealz
              m, as in trims           trimz
              n, as in wins            winz
              r, as in wars            warz
              v, as in leaves          leavez
              th, as in tithes         tithz
              ng, as in songs          songz.

   And if e precedes a, it alters not the sound, as is observable
in the word leaves, for e is silent.

              ay, as in delays, pronounced delaze
              oe, as in foes               foze
              ue, as in glues              gluze
              ow, as in glows              gloze
              ow, as in vows               vowze
              ew, as in screws             scruze
              aw, as in laws               lawz
              ay, as in prays              praze
              oy, as in boys               boyz
   The termination ies unaccented is invariably pronounced iz;
thus, glories, vanities, varies, are pronounced gloriz, vanitiz,
variz.

   If the termination is accented, or if it is a monosyllable, it is
pronounced ize, the accent falling on i; thus, denies, complies,
dies, are pronounced denize, complize, dize.

                           Half Accent
   When the full accent is on the first syllable, there is generally
a half accent on the third.

   When the full accent is on the second, the half accent is on
the fourth.

   It is a general rule that every third syllable has some degree of
accent, and in few or no words are there more than two succeding
syllables unaccented.

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 p. 24

                     I N D E X  O R  K E Y.
                 Long.           |          Oo proper.
1             1        1         |       6        6         6
a           name,     late       |  o or oo     move,      room
e or ee     here,     feet       |          Oo short.
i           time,     find       |  7            7            7
o           note,     fort       |  oo         books        flood
u or ew     tune,     new        |  u          bush         full
y           dry,     defy        |          Short u.
                Short.           |  9           9          9
2            2           2       |  i          sir        bird
a           man,     hat         |  o          come       love
c           men,     let         |  e          her
i           pit,     pin         |          Long a.
u           tun,     but         | 10          10         10
y           glory,     Egypt     | e         there        vein
           Broad a or aw.        |          Long e.
3            3           3       | 11
a           bald     tall        | i         fatigue     pique
o           cost     fought      | oi}
aw           law                 | oy}         diphthong; voice, joy
             Flat a.             | ou}
4            4           4       | ow}         Diphthong; loud, now
a           ask          part    |
              Short aw.          |
5            5           5       |
a           what        was      |
o           not         from     |

                Explanation of the above Index.
   A figure stands as the invariable representative of a certain
sound.  The figure 1, represents the long sound of the letters a,
e, i, o, u, or ew, and y; number 2, the short sound of the same
characters; number 3, marks the sound of broad a, as in hall;
number 4, represents the sound of a, as in not, what; number 6,
represents the sound of o in move, commonly expressed by oo;
number 7, represents the short sound of oo in root, bush; number
9, represents the sound of u short, made by e, i, and o, as in her,
bird, come, pronounced hur, burd, cum; number 10 represents
the first sound of a, made by e, as in their, vein, pronounced thare,
wone; number 11, represents the French sound of i, which is the
same as e long.  See table 34th.

   The sounds of the diphthongs oi and ou are not represented by
figures; they have one invariable sound, and are placed before

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p. 25

the words where they occur in the tables.

   Silent letters are printed in Italic characters.  Thus in head,
goal, build, people, dumb, sight, the Italic letters have no sound.

   S, when printed in Italic is not silent, but pronounced like z as
in devise pronounced devize.

   The letter e at the end of words of more syllables than one, is
almost always silent; but serves often to lengthen a foregoing vowel
as in bid bide; to soften c as in notice, or to soften g, as in
homage; or to change the sound of th from the first to the
second, as in bath, bathe.  In the following work, when e final
lengthens the foregoing vowel, that is, gives it its firs sound, it is
printed in a Roman character, as in fate; but in all other cases it
is printed in Italic.  Ch have the English sound as in charm;
except in the 33d and 34th tables.

   The sounds of th in this and thou, are all distinguished in the
12th and 32d tables; except in numerical adjectives.  See the
51st table.

   The sound of aw is invariably that of broad a, and that of ew
nearly the same as u long.

   N. B.  Although one character is sufficient to express a simple
sound, yet the combinations ee, aw, ew, oo, are so well known to
express certain sounds, that it was judged best to print both letters
in Roman Characters.  Ck and ss are also printed in Roman
characters, though one alone would be sufficient to express the sound.

                    S Y L L A B L E S.
   A syllable is one letter, or so many letters as can be pronounced
at one impulse of the voice; as, a, hand.

   Spelling is the art of dividing words into their proper syllables,
in order to find their true pronunciation.

           GENERAL RULES.
   The best way of dividing words for children, is to divide them so
as naturally to lead the learner into a right pronunciation.*

   Monosyllables are words of one syllable.

   Dissyllables are words of two syllables.

   Trissyllables are words of three syllables.

   Polysyllables are words of many syllables.

   Accent is the force or stress of voice that is laid upon any letter


   * This is Dr. Lowth's idea of spelling, and the sentiments
of several literary gentlemen in America, upon whose authority
I have ventured to reject all particular rules, and to divide
the syllables as nearly as possible as the words are pronounced.


//C//

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[page image]
 p. 26

of a word; as de-liv-er, where the accent is on the letter v of the
second syllable.

   Emphasis is a stronger force or percussion of the voice laid upon
some significant words in a sentence.

   Accent regards some particular syllable or letter of a word;
emphasis regards some particular words of a sentence.

   Cadence is a lower or weaker expression of the voice at the
close of a sentence.

   Quantity is the time of pronouncing a syllable.

   The unaccented syllables of words are pronounced in half the
time of the long accent.

   When the accent falls on a vowel it is long, as in glo-ry, ho-ly.

   When the accent falls on a consonant, the vowel of that syllable
is short, as in cred-it, clust-er.

   All the vowels in the unaccented syllables are short, as in
fu-tu-ri-ty, where all the vowels except u in the second syllable, are
short.  U in the first syllable has indeed its first sound, but is short
and weak.

   P. S.  The author is very sensible that the preceding rules, &c.
are not within the capacities of young beginners.  Children of eight
or ten years of age may undoubtedly be taught to understand and
use them with advantage.  But they are rather designed for the
master than the scholar; for if all instructors pronounced words
with correctness and uniformity, there would be little danger that
their pupils would acquire vicious habits of pronunciation.

   Note, The name of the letter r, that is ar, has led the common
people to pronounce mercy, service, &c.  marcy, sarvice.  To
prevent this, it is named in this work er.

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p. 27

                             THE ALPHABET.
       Roman Letters.    |             Italic.  |  Names of the Letters.
          a     A        |               a   A  |   a
          b     B        |               b   B  |   b
          c     C        |               c   C  |   ce
          d     D        |               d   D  |   de
          e     E        |               e   E  |   e
          f     F        |               f   F  |   ef
          g     G        |               g   G  |   ge
          h     H        |               h   H  |   aytch or he
          i     I        |               i   I  |   i
          j     J        |               j   J  |   ja
          k     K        |               k   K  |   ka
          l     L        |               l   L  |   el
          m     M        |               m   M  |   em
          n     N        |               n   N  |   en
          o     O        |               o   O  |   o
          p     P        |               p   P  |   pe
          q     Q        |               q   Q  |   cu
          r     R        |               r   R  |   er
 [long s] s     S        |  [long s] s   S      |   es
          t     T        |               t   T  |   te
          u     U        |               u   U  |   u
          v     V        |               v   V  |   ve
          w     W        |               w   W  |   double u
          x     X        |               x   X  |   eks
          y     Y        |               y   Y  |   wi or ye
          z     Z        |               z   Z  |   ze
            &*           |                 &    |   and

                Double Letters.
ct, ff, ffi, ffl, fi, ss, sk, sb, sh, si, sl, fl, ssi, st.


   * This is not a letter, but a character standing for and.
Children should therefore be taught to call it and; not and per se.

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 p. 28

                  T A B L E   I.
        LESSON I.        |         LESSON IV.
ba  be  bi  bo  bu  by   |  ag  eg  ig  og  ug
ca  ce* ci  co  cu  cy*  |  am  em  im  om  um
da  de  di  do  du  dy   |  an  en  in  on  un
fa  fe  fi  fo  fu  fy   |  ap  ep  ip  op  up
ka  ke  ki  ko  ku  ky   |  as  es  is  os  us
                         |  av  ev  iv  ov  uv
        LESSON II.       |  ax  ex  ix  ox  ux
ga  ge  gi  go  gu  gy   |
ha  he  hi  ho  hu  hy   |         LESSON V.
ma  me  mi  mo  mu  my   |  bla  ble  bli  blo  blu
na  ne  ni  no  nu  ny   |  cla  cle  cli  clo  clu
ra  re  ri  ro  ru  ry   |  pla  ple  pli  plo  plu
ta  te  ti  to  tu  ty   |  fla  fle  fli  flo  flu
wa  we  wi  wo  wu  wy   |  sha  she  shi  sho  shu
                         |
      LESSON III.        |       LESSON VI.
ab   eb   ib   ob   ub   |  bra  bre  bri  bro  bru
ac   ec   ic   oc   uc   |  cra  cre  cri  cro  cru
ad   ed   id   od   ud   |  pra  pre  pri  pro  pru
af   ef   if   of   uf   |  gra  gre  gri  gro  gru
al   el   il   ol   ul   |  pha  phe  phi  pho  phu

* A Child should be taught to pronounce ce, ci, cy, like se, si, sy

============================================================

                   T A B L E  II.
          Words of Three and Four Letters.

   N. B. The following columns are to be read downwards or
across the page, at the discretion of the instructor.

   A figure placed over the first word, marks the sound of the
vowel in all that follow in that column.

            L E S S O N I.
 2    2    5    2    2    2    2    5
bag  big  bog  bug  den  cap  bit  dot
fag  dig  dog  dug  hen  gap  cit  get

-----
p. 29

 2    2    5    2    2    2    2    5
cag  fig  fog  hug  men  lap  hit  hot
gag  jig  hog  lug  pen  map  pit  jot
hag  pig  jog  mug  ten  rap  sit  lot
rag  wig  log  tug  wen  tap  wit  not

            L E S S O N II.
 2    5    2    2    2    5    2    2
Man  sob  bad  bed  bid  fop  bet  but
can  job  had  fed  did  hop  get  cut
pan  mob  lad  led  lid  lop  let  hut
ran  rob  mad  red  hid  mop  met  nut
van  sob  sad  wed  rid  top  yet  put

            L E S S O N III.
  2    2     2     2     2     5     2
Belt  gilt  band  bled  brag  clod  brad
melt  hilt  hand  bred  drag  plod  clad
felt  milt  land  fled  flag  shod  glad
pelt  jilt  sand  shed  stag  trod  shad

            L E S S O N IV.
  2    2     2     2     2     2     2
Clog  glut  blab  chub  damp  bump  bend
flog  shut  drab  club  camp  jump  lend
frog  smut  crab  drub  lamp  lump  mend
grog  slut  scab  rub   ramp  pump  send

            L E S S O N V.
  1    1     3     2     2     2     2
Bind  bold  call  bill  bent  best  brim
find  hold  fall  fill  dent  lest* grim
mind  fold  gall  hill  lent  nest  skim
kind  sold  hall  kill  sent  jest  swim
wind  gold  tall  mill  went  pest  trim


                * Not least.


//C 2//

-----
[page image]
 p. 30

            L E S S O N VI.
  1     1     1     1     1     1     1
Lace   dice  fade  bide  cage  bake  dine
made   mice  bade  ride  page  cake  fine
trace  nice  made  side  rage  make  pine
pace   rice  wade  wide  wage  wake  wine

            L E S S O N VII.
  1    1     1     1     1     1       1
Gale  cape  pipe  cope  dire  date   drive
pale  rape  ripe  hope  hire  hate   five
sale  tape  wipe  rope  fire  fate   hive
vale  spe   type  pope  wire  grate  rive

            L E S S O N V.
Cote  file  dame  fare  bore  bone  nose
mote  bile  fame  mare  fore  cone  dose
note  pile  came  rare  tore  hone  hose
vote  vile  name  tare  wore  tone rose

============================================================

          T A B L E  III.

            L E S S O N I.
  2      2      1       1      1     1
Blank  blush  fleet   brace  price  brine
bank   flush  sheet   chace  slice  shine
frank  plush  street  grace  pace   swine
prank  crush  greet   space  twice  twine

            L E S S O N II.
  2       2       1      1      1      1
Band    bless   crime  broke  blade  blame
grand   dress   chime  choke  spade  flame
stand   press   prime  cloke  trade  shame
strand  stress  slime  smoke  shade  frame

-----
p. 31

            L E S S O N III.
  1      1      1      2      2     1
Brake  blare  brave  hence  mince  bleed
drake  glare  crave  fence  since  breed
flake  share  grave  pence  pince  speed
spake  snare  slave  sense  rince  steed

            L E S S O N IV.
 2    2     1     2      2     2     1     1
And  ill   age  his  rich  less   duke  life
act  ink   aim  has   held  mess  mule  wife
apt  fact  aid  hast  gift  kiss  rule  safe
ell  fan   ice  hath  dull  miss  time  bade
ebb  left  ale  add   till  tush  tune  save
egg  self  ace  elf   will  hush  mute  here
end  else  ape  pen   well  desk  maze  robe

——————————————————————————————

                       T A B L E  IV.
   Easy Words of Two Syllables, accented on the First.

When the stress of voice falls on a vowel, it is necessarily long,
  and is marked by the figure 1.  When the stress of the voice
  falls on a consonant, the preceding vowel is necessarily short,
  and is marked figure 2.

No figures are placed over the vowels in unaccented syllables,
  because they are all short.  It must be observed, however, that
  in unaccented terminating syllables, almost all vowels are
  pronounced like i and u short, thus:
          al is pronounced ul rural rurul
          et               it fillet fillit

   This is the general rule in the language, originating doubtless,
from this cause; that short i and u are pronounced with a less
apperture or opening of the mouth, with less exertion of the
organs, and consequently with more ease than the other vowels in
these terminating syllables:  for in order to pronounce them rightly,
nothing more is requisite than to lay a proper stress of the voice
on the accented syllable, and pronounce the unaccented syllables
with more ease and rapidity.  When any of these terminations
are accented, as some of them are, the vowel retains its own
sound; as compel, lament, depress, &c.

   The figures are placed over the vowels of the accented syllables;
and one figure marks all the words that follow, till it is
contradicted by another figure.

-----
[page image]
 p. 32

 1         li-are    tra-der     buf-fet
Ba-ker     li-on     ti-dings    bur-gess
bri-er     ma-ker    to-ry       car-rot
ci-der     mo-dish   to-tal      chan-nel
cra-zy     mo-ment   tri-al      chap-man
cri-er     ne-gro†   tru-ant     chap-ter
cru-el     o-ver     tu-mult     chat-ter
dan-ger    pa-gan    tu-tor      chil-dren
di-al      pa-per    va-cant     chil-ly
di-et      pa-pist   va-grant    cin-der
du-ty      pi-lot    va-ry       cut-ter
dy-er      pli-ant   vi-per      dif-fer
dra-per    po-et     vi-tal      din-ner
fa-tal     pre-cept  vo-cal      drum-mer
fe-ver     pru-dent  wa-fer      el-der
fi-nal     qui-et    wa-ger      em-bers
fla-grant  ra-ker    wa-ges      em-blem
flu-ent    re-al     wo-ful      en-ter
fru-gal    ri-der    2           fac-tor
fu-el      ri-ot     ab-bot      fag[-]got
glo-ry     ru-by     ac-tor      fan-cy
gi-ant     ru-in     ad-der      fan-tom
gra-vy     ru-ler    ad-vent     fat-ling
gru-el     ru-ral    al-lum      fer-ret
ho-ly      sa-cred   am-ber      fil-let
hu-man*    se-cret   an-gel††     flan-nel
i-cy       sha-dy    bal-lad     flat-ter
i-dol      si-lent   bank-er     flut-ter
i-vy       so-ber    ban-ter     fran-tic
ju-ry      spi-der   bap[-]tist  fun-nel
ju-lep     sto-ry    bat-ter     gal-lop
la-dy      stu-dent  bet-ter     gam-mon
la-zy      stu-pid   bit-ter     gan-der
le-gal     ta-per    blun-der    gar-ret

   * Not yuman.  † not negur.  †† not anegel.

-----
p. 33

gen-try    ma-tron   fat-tin     tim-ber
gib-bet    mem-ber   scan-dal    trench-er
gip-sy     mer-ry    scat-ter    trum-pet
glim-mer   mil-ler   sel-dom††   tum-bler
glit-ter   mit-ten   self-ish    tur-key
gul-let    mur-der   sen-tence   vel-lum
gun-ner    mud-dy    shat-ter    vel-vet
gus-set    mur-mur   shep herd   ves[-]sel
gut-ter    mut-ter   shil-ling   vic-tim
ham-let    num-ber   sig-nal     vic-tim
han-sel    nut-meg   sil-ver     ug-ly
hap-py     on-ly     sin-ner     ul-cer
hin-der*   pam-per   slat-tern   un-der
hun-dred   pan-nel   slen-der    up-per
hun-ter    pan-try   slum-ber    ut-most
in-sect    pat-tern  smug-gler   ut-ter
in-step    pat-ron   spin-net    wed-ding
in-to      pen-cil   spir-it††   wil-ful
jest-er    pen-ny    splen-did   wis-dom
kin-dred   pep-per   splen-dor      4
king-dom   pil-fer   splin-ter   art-less
kins-man   pil-grim  sub-ject    art-ist
lad-der    plum-met  sud-den     af-ter
lan-tern†  pup-py    suf-fer        5
lap-pet    ram-mer   sul-len     chop-per
lat[-]ter  ran-som   sul-try     com-ment
let-ter    rec-tor   sum-mon     com-mon
lim-ber    rem-nant  tal-ly      con-duct
lim-ner    ren-der   tan-ner     con-cord
lit-ter    ren-net   tat-tler    con-gress
luc-ky     rub-bish  tem-per     con-quest
mam-mon    sad-dler  ten-der     con-sul
man-na     sal-ad    ten-dril    con-vert
man-ner    san-dy    ten-ter     doc-tor

    *Not Hender.  †Not Lantorn.  ††Not Sperrit.

-----
[page image]
 p. 34

dros-sy    jol-ly    sot-tish    per-fect†
dol-lar    mot-to      2         per-son
fod-der    on-set    cler-gy     ser-mon
fol-ly     of-fer    er-rand*    ser-pent
fop-pish   of-fice   her-mit     ser-vant
hor-rid    pot-ter   ken-nel     ver-min
joc-ky     rob-ber   mer-cy†

   *Not Arrant.   †Not Marcy, Parfect. &c.

——————————————————————————————

                         TABLE V.
Easy Words of Two Syllables, accented on the Second.

   N. B. In general, when a vowel in an unaccented syllable
stands alone, or ends a syllable,* it has its first sound as in 
pro-tect; yet, as we do not dwell upon the vowel, it is short and
weka.  When the vowel, in such syllables, is joined to a consonant,
it has its second sound; as ad-dress.

  1        con-jure    e-lope      in-vite
A-base     con-sume    en-dure     mis-name
a-b-de     cre-ate     en-force    mis-place
a-dore     de-cide     en-gage     mis-rule
a-like     de-clare    en-rage     mis-take
al-lude    de-duce     en-rol      mo-rose
a-lone     de-fy       en-sue      par-take
a-maze     de-fine     en-tice     per-spire
as-pire    de-grade    en-tire     po-lite
a-tone     de-range    e-vade      pre-pare
at-tire    de-note     for-sworn   pro-mote
be-fore    de-pute     fore-seen   re-bate
be-have    de-rive     im-brue     re-buke
be-hold    dis[-]like  im-pale     re-cite
com-ply    dis-place   in-cite     re-cline
com-pute   dis-robe    in-flame    re-duce
com-plete  dis-taste   in-trude    re-late
con-fine   di-vice     in-sure     re-ly

   *But if a vowel unaccented ends the word, it has its second
sound as in cit-y.

-----
p. 35

re-mind     cor-rect   in-struct  trans-cend
re-plete    cor-rupt   in-vest    trans-gress
re-vere     de-duct    mis-give   trans-plant
se-duce     de-fect    mis-print  tre-pan
sub-lime    de-fend    mis-trust  un-apt
su-pine     de-press   mo-lest    un-bend
su-preme    de-tect    neg-lect   un-fit
sur-vive    di-rect    ob-struct  un-hing
tra-duce    dis-band   oc-cur     un-hurt
trans-late  dis-miss   of-fence   un-man
un-bind     dis-sent   o-mit          4
un-told     dis-tinct  op-press   de-bar
un-fo[l]d   dis-trust  per-mit    de-part
un-glue     dis-tract  por-tend   dis-arm
un-kind     dis-turb   pre-tend   dis-card
un-lace     ef-fect    pre-dict   em-balm
un-ripe     e-mit      pro-ject   em-bark
un-safe     en-rich    pro-tect   en-chant
   2        e-vent     pro-test   en-large
ab-rupt     e-vince    re-cant    huzza
ab-surd     ful-fil    re-fit     un-arm
ac-cept     fi-nance   re-lax     un-bar
ad-dict     gal-lant   re-mit         5
ad-dress    him-self   re-press   ab-hor
ad-mit      im-pend    re-tract   re-volve
a-mend      im-plant   re-trench  re-volt
a-midst     im-press   ro-bust    des-pond
as-cend     im-print   ro-mance   un-lock
be-set      in-camp    se-dan          2
ca-nal      in-cur     se-lect    con-cert
col-lect    in-dent    sub-ject   de-fer
com-pel     in-fect    sub-mit    di-vert*
con-duct    in-fest    sub-tract  in-verse
con-tend    in-flict   sus-pense  in-vert
con-tent    in-still   trans-act  *Not di-vart, &c.

-----
[page image]
 p. 36

per-vert    re-fer     de-ter     in-ter
per-verse   con-fer    in-fer

============================================================


T A B L E  VI.

Easy Words of Three Syllables; the full Accent on
     the First, and a weak Accent on the Third.

   1         al-co-ran    dig-ni-ty    in-cre-ment
cru-ci-fix   an-i-mal     dil-i-gent   in-di-go
cru-el-ty    an-nu-al     div-i-dend   in-dus-try
de-cen-cy    ac-ci-dent   dul-ci-mer   in-fan-cy
di-a-dem     al-i-ment    ec-sta-cy    in-fan-try
di-a-mond    ad-a-mant    ed-i-tor     in-fi-del
di-a-lect    am-i-ty      ef-fi-gy     in-stru-ment
dra-pe-ry    am-nes-ty    el-e-ment    in-te-ger
droll-e-ry   ar-ro-gant   el-e-gy      in-tel-lect
du-ti-ful    bar-ris-ter  em-bas-sy    in-te-rest
flu-en-cy    but-ter-y    eb-o-ny      in-ter-val
i-ro-ny      ben-e-fit    em-bry-o     jus-ti-fy
i-vo-ry      big-a-my     em-e-rald    leg-a-cy
la-zi-ness   big-ot-ry    em-pe-ror    len-i-ty
li[-]bra-ry  but-ter-fly  en-e-my      lep-ro-cy
lu-na-cy     cal-i-co     en-mi-ty     lev-i-ty
no-ta-ry     cal-en-der   en-ti-ty     lib-e-ral
nu-me-ral    cab-i-net    ep-i-gram    lib-er-ty
nu-tri-ment  can-is-ter   es-cu-lent   lig-a-ment
o-ver-plus   can-i-bal    ev-e-ry      lin-e-al
po-et-ry     can-o-py     fac-ul-ty    lit-a-ny
pri-ma-cy    cap-i-tal    fac-to-ry    lit-e-ral
pri-ma-ry    chast-i-ty   fam-i-ly     lit-ur-gy
pu-ri-ty     cin-na-mon   fel-o-ny     lux-u-ry
re-gen-cy    cit-i-zen    fes-ti-val   man-i-fest
ru-di-ment   clar-i-fy    fin-ic-al    man-i-fold
se-cre-cy    clas-si-cal  fish-e-ry    man-ner-ly
scru-ti-ny   clem-en-cy   gal-lant-ry  mar-i-ner
si-mo-ny     cler-i-cal   gal-le-ry    med-i-cal
stu-pi-fy    cur-ren-cy   gar-ri-son   mel-o-dy
tu-te-lar    cyl-in-der   gen-e-ral    mem-o-ry
ty-ran-ny    den-i-zen    gun-ne-ry    mes-sen-ger
va-can-cy    det-ri-ment  hap-pi-ness  mil-le-ner
va-gran-cy   dif-fi-dent  her-ald-ry   min-e-ral
2            dif-fer-ent  im-ple-ment  min-is-ter
ad-mi-ral    dif-fi-cult  im-pu-dent   mus-cu-lar

-----
p. 37

mys-te-ry        rev-er-end     vag-a-bond     oc-cu-py
nat[-]u[-]ral    rit-u-al       van-i-ty       of-fi-cer
pan[-]o-ply      riv-u-let      vic-to-ry      or-a-tor
par[-]a[-]dox    sac-ra-ment    vil-la[-]ny    or-i-gin
par-a[-]gon      sal-a-ry       vin-e-gar      or-na-ment
par[-]al[-]lax   sat-is-fy      ur-gen-cy      or-re-ry
par-al[-]lel     sec-u-lar      wag-gon-er     ot-to-man
par[-]a[-]pet    sed-i[-]ment   wil-der-ness   pol-i-cy
par-i-ty         sen-a-tor       4             pol-i-tic
pat[-]ri-ot      sen-ti[-]ment  har-bin-ger    pop-u-lar
ped-ant[-]ry     sen-ti-nel     har-mo-ny      pov-er-ty
ped-i-gree       sev-er-al      harp-si-chord  prob-i-ty
pen-al-ty        sil-la-bub      5             prod-i-gal
pen-u-ry         sim-i-lar      cod-i-cil      prod-i-gy
pes-ti-lent      sin-gu-lar     col-o-ny       prom-i-nent
pil-lo-ry        sin-es-ter     com-e-dy       prop-er-ty
prac-ti-cal      slip-pe-ry     com-ic-al      pros-o-dy
prin[-]ci[-]pal  sub-si-dy      con-ju-gal     prot-est-ant
pub-lic-an       sum-ma-ry      con-ti-nent    quan-da-ry
punc-tu-al       sup-ple-ment   con-tra-band    2
pun-gen-cy       sym-me-try     con-tra-ry     cer-ti-fy*
pyr-a[-]mid      tam-a[-]rind   doc-u-ment     mer-cu-ry
qua[-]dru-ped    tap-es-try     drop-si-cal    per-fi-dy
qual-i-ty        tem-po-ral     glob-u-lar     per-ju-ry
quan-ti-ty       ten-den-cy     glos-sa-ry     per-ma-nent
rad-ic-al        ten-e-ment     hos[-]pi-tal   per-ti-nent
rar-i-ty         ter-ri-fy      lot-te-ry      ter-ma-gent
reg-u-lar        tes-ta-ment    mon-u-ment
rem-e-dy         tit-u-lar      nom-i-nal
rib-ald-ry       typ-i-cal      oc-cu-lar

                  * Not sartify, marcury, &c.

——————————————————————————————

                          TABLE VII.
Easy Words of Three Syllables accented on the Second.

   1         al-lure-ment  a-tone-ment
A-base-ment  ap-pa-rent    co-e-qual
a-gree-ment  ar-ri-val     con-fine-ment
al-li-ance   a-maze-ment   de-ci-pher

//D//


-----
[page image]
 p. 38

de-co-rum      af-fect-ed     en-camp-ment
de-ni-al       ag-gress-or    e-quip[-]ment
de-cri-al      a-mend-ment    er-ra-tic
de-port-ment   ap-pa-rel      es-tab-lish
de-po-nent     ap-[p]en-dix   hys-ter-ic
dic-ta-tor     as-cen-dant    in-ces-sant
di-plo-ma      as-sas-sin     in-cle-ment
en-rol-ment    as-sem-bly     in-cum-bent
en-tice-ment   at-tach-ment   in[-]ha-bit
e-qua-tor      at-tend-ant    in-sip-ed [sic]
he-ro-ic       be-gin-ning    in-trin-sic
il-le-gal      be-wil[-]der   in-val-id
im-pru-dent    co-ha-bit      ma-lig-nant
oc-ta-vo       col-lect-or    mo-nas-tic
op-po-nent     con-sid-er     noc-tur-nal
po[-]ma-tum    con-tin-gent   pa-cif-ic
pri-me-val     con-tract-or   pe-dant-ic
re-ci-tal      de-cant-er     po-lem-ic
re-li-ance     de-lin-quent   pre-cept-or
re-qui-tal     de-liv-er      pro-hib-it
spec-ta-tor    de-mer-it      pro-lif-ic
sub-scri-ber   de-tach-ment   pro-tect-or
sur-vi-vor     di-lem-ma      pu-is-sant
tes-ta-tor     di-mi-nish     re-dund-ant
tes-ta-trix    dis-sent-er    re-fresh-ment
trans-la-tor   dis[-]tem-per  re-lin-quent
trans-pa-rent  dis-tin-guish  re-luc-tant
tri[-]bu-nal   di-ur-nal      re-mem-ber
ver-ba-tim     dog-ma-tic     re-ple-nish
vol-ca-no      do-mes-tic     re-plev-in
un-e-qual      dra-ma-tic     re-pug-nant
un-mind-ful    e-ject-ment    re-pub-lish
  2            em-bar-rass    ro-man-tic
a-ban-don      em-bel-lish    se-ques-ter
ac-cus-tom     em-pan-nel     spe-ci-fic

-----
[p. 39]

sur-ren-der         5            im-mor-al
to-bac-co        a-bo-lish       im-pos-tor
trans-cen-dant   ac-com-plish    im-prop-[-]er
trans-gres-sor   ad-mon-ish      in-con-stant
tri-um-phant     as-ton-ish      in-sol-vent
um-brel-la       de-mol-ish      un-god-ly
                 im-mo-dest

——————————————————————————————

                  TABLE VIII.
Easy Words of Three Syllables, accented on the First
                    and Third.

   1            o-ver-take      in-di-rect
al-a-mode       re-con-cile     in-cor-rect
dev-o-tee       ref-u-gee       in-ter-mix
dis-a-gree      su-per-cede     o-ver-turn
dom-i-neer      su-per-scribe   o-ver-run
im[-]ma-ture    vol-un-teer     re-col-lect
im-por-tune     un[-]der-mine   re-com-mend
in-com-mode              2      rep-re-hend
in[-]ter-cede   ap-pre-hend     su-per-add
in-tro-duce     con-de-scend    un-der-stand
mis-ap-ply      con-tra-dict    un-der-sell
mis[-]be-have   dis-pos-sess

——————————————————————————————

                TABLE IX.
Easy Words of Four Syllables; the full Accent
the First, and the half Accent on the Third.

     1           ac-ri-mo-ny     cer-e-mo-ny
Lu-mi-na-ry      ad-mi-ral-ty    cus-tom-a-ry
mo-ment-a-ry     ad-ver-sa-ry    del-i-ca-cy
nu-ga-to-ry      al[-]i-mo-ny    dif-fi-cul-ty
     2           al-le-go-ry     dil-a-to-ry
ac-cu-ra[-]cy    bre-vi-a-ry     ep-i-lep-sy

-----
[page image]
 p. [4]0

em-is-sa-ry     pres-a-t-ry          5
ig-no-mi-ny     pur[-]ga-to-ry     com[-]ment-a-ry
in-ti-ma-cy     sal-u-ta-ry        com-mis-sa-ry
in-tri-ca-cy    sanc-tu-a-ry       con[-]tro-ver-sy
in-vent-o-ry    sec-re-ta-ry       mon-as-te-ry
man-da-to-ry    sed-en-ta-ry       ob-sti-na-cy
ma-tri-mo-ny    stat-u-a-ry        prom-is-so-ry
mis-cel-la-ny   sump-tu-a-ry       prom-on-to-ry
mil[-]i-ta-ry   ter-ri[-]to[-]ry   vo-lun[-]ta-ry
pat-ri-mo-ny    tes-ti-mo-ny         2
plan-et-a-ry    rib-u-ta-ry        mer-cen-a-ry
preb-end-a-ry

   The words het-e-ro-dox, lin-e-a-ment, pa-tri-ot-ism,
sep-tu-a-gint, have the full accent on the
first syllable, and the half accent on the last.

——————————————————————————————

                      TABLE X.
Easy Words of Four Syllables, accented on the
                       Second.

  1              fu-u[-]ri-ty     va-cu-i-ty
a-e-ri[-]al      gram-ma-ri-an    va-ri-e-ty
an-nu-i-ty       gra-tu-i-ty      ab-surd-i-ty
ar-mo-ri-al      his[-]to-r-ian   ac-tiv-i-ty
cen-tu-ri-on     li-bra-ri-an     ac-cess[-]a-ry
col-le-gi-al     ma-te-ri-al      ac-cess-o-ry
com-mu-ni-cant   ma-tu-ri-ty      ad-min-is-ter
com-mu-ni-ty     me-mo-ri-al      ad[-]ver-si-ty
con-gru-i-ty     mer-cu-ri-al     a-dult-e-ry
con-nu-bi-al     ob-scu-ri-ty     af-fin[-]i-ty
cor-po-re-al     ob-du-ra-cy      a-nal-o-gy
cre-du-li[-]ty   pro-pri-e-ty     a-nat-o-my
cri-te[-]ri-on   se-cu-ri-ty      an-tag-o-nist
e-le-gi-ac       so[-]bri-e-ty    ar-til-le-ry

-----
p. 41

a[-]vid-i-ty         fi-del-i-ty         re-cip-ro-cal
bar-ba-ri-ty         for-mal-i-ty        re-pub-li-can
bru-tal-i-ty         fru-gal-i-ty        sab-bat-ic-al
ca-lam[-]i-ty        gram-mat-i-cal      sa-tan-i-cal
cap-ti-vi-ty         ha-bit-u-al         scur-ril-i[-]ty
ce-lib-a[-]cy        hos-til-i-ty        se-ve-ri-ty
ci-vil-i-ty          hu-man-i-ty         sig-nif-i-cant
cli-mac-ter-ic       hu-mil-i-ty         se-ren-i-ty
co-in-ci-dent        i-den-ti-ty         sin[-]cer-i-ty
col-lat-e-ral        im-men-si-ty        so[-]lem-ni-ty
com-pa-ri-son        im-ped-i-ment       su-prem-a-cy
com-pet-i-tor        ju-rid-ic-al        ter-res-tri-al
com-pul-so-ry        le-vit-i-cal        tran-quil=i=ty
con[-]jec[-]tu-ral   lon-gev-i-ty        ty-ran-nic-al
con-spi-ra[-]cy      ma-lev[-]o-lent     va-lid[-]i-ty
con-sit-u-ent        ma-lig-ni-ty        ve-nal-i-ty
de-cliv-i-ty         mil-len-ni-um       vi-cin-i-ty
de[-]lin-quen-cy     mo-ral-i-ty           5
de-pra-vi-ty         mu-nif-i-cent       a-pol-o-gy
di-am-e-ter          na-tiv-i-ty         a-pos-ta-cy
dis-par0i-ty         ne-ces-si[-]ty      as-trol-o-gy
di[-]vin-i-ty        no-bil-i-ty         as-tron-o-my
ef-fec-tu-al         nu-mer-ic-al        bi-og-ra-phy
e-lec-tri-cal        om-nip-o-tent       com-mo-i-ty
em-pyr-e-al          par[-]ti[-]cu-lar   con-com-i-tant
e-pis-co-pal         per-pet-u-al        de-moc[-]ra-cy
e-pit-o-me           po-lit-ic[-]al      de-spond-den-cy
e-quiv-a-lent        po-lig-a[-]my       e-con-o-my
e-quiv-o-cal         pos-ter-i-ty        ge-om-e-try
e-van-ge-list        pre-cip-i-tant      hy-poc-ri-cy
e-vent-u-al          pre-dic[-]a-ment    ma-jor-i[-]ty
fa-tal-i-ty          pro-fun-di-ty       me-trop-o-lis
fer-til-i-ty         pros-per-i-ty       mi-nor-i-ty
fes-tiv-i-ty         ra-pid-i-ty         mo-nop-o-ly


//D 2//

-----
[page image]
 p. 42

pre-dom-i-nate        2         hy-per-bo-le
pri[-]or-i-ty    ad-ver-si-ty   pro-ver-bi-al
tau-tol[-]o-gy   di-ver-si-ty   sub-ser-vi-ent
ver-bos-i-ty     e-ter-ni-ty

——————————————————————————————

                       TABLE XI.
Easy Words of Four Syllables, the full Accent on
  the Third, and the half Accent on the First.

       1          mal-e-fac-tor
An-te-ce-dent     man[-]i[-]fest-o
ap-pa-ra-tus      mem-o-ran-dum
com-men-ta-tor    or-ri-ent-al
me-di-a-tor       or-na-ment-al
sa-cer-do-tal     pan-e-gyr-ic
 su-per-i-sor     pred-e-ces-sor
         2        sci-en-tif-ic
ac[-]ci-dent-al   sys-tem-a[-]tic
ar-o-mat-ic                5
cal-i-man-co      cor-res-pon-dent
de-tri-ment-al    hor-i-zon-tal
en[-]er[-]get-ic        2
fun-da-ment-al    u-ni-ver-sal
in-u-en-do

——————————————————————————————

pointing hand  Having proceeded through tables comprising easy words,
   from one to four syllables, let the learner begin the following
   tables, which consist of more difficult words.  In these the child
   will be much assisted by a knowledge of the figures, and the
   use of the Italics.

If the instructor should think it useful to let his pupils read some
   of the easy lessons before they have finished spelling, he may
   divide their studies—let them spell one part of the day and
   read the other.

-----
p. 43

                     TABLE XII.
        Difficult and irregular Monosyllables.

I would recommend this table to be read sometimes across the
   page to make children attentive to the different ways of
   expressing the same sound, &c.

 1      ail      claim    flea    veal
Bay     hail     maim     key     weal
day     tail     waif     spray   zeal
hay     flail    stage    stay    peal
lay     snail    gauge    stray   beal
say     laird    plague   stray   ceil
may     aid      vague    gay     eel
pay     maid     bait     flay    staid
pray    stair    state    play    laid
sway    swear    great    beard   braid
fray    wear     gait     dail    air
clay    bear     wait     tail    chair
way     tear     plait    leap    fair
ray     brain    strait   neap    hair
bray    chain    graze    reap    pair
stray   grain    praise   cheap   squeal
slay    slain    raise    heap    beer
spay    train    baize    steel   peer
yea     rain     rase     kneel   deer
jail    main     maize    teal    fear
pail    plain    shave    feel    dear
fail    sprain   brave    keel    hear
rail    stain    knave    deal    rear
frail   twain    break    heal    veer
wail    vain     steak    meal    drear
mail    wain     be       peel    clear
nail    paint    pea      reel    shear
trail   quaint   sea      seal    steer
bail    aim      tea      steal   bier

-----
[page image]
 p. 44

year     plead     deaf     heat     sleeve
cheer    deem      leaf     teat     grieve
hear     seem      sheaf    beak     reeve
blear    cream     fief     leak     leave
ear      dream     lief     weak     lieve
fear     stream    neif     bleak    reave
smear    beam      plea     sneak    beeves
spear    trait     flee     speak    eaves
lain     haste     bee      freak    greaves
pain     paste     deep     squeak   freeze
strain   wait      keep     reef     sneeze
gain     chaste    weep     cheek    breeze
blain    taste     steep    wreak    ease
drain    traipse   sleep    fleak    squeeze
fain     change    creep    screak   cheese
faint    strange   sheep    shriek   frieze
taint    blaze     fleece   sleek    please
faint    steam     peace    streak   seize
tear     seam      cease    seen     ease
queer    gleam     lease    bean     speech
deed     scream    geese    clean    leach
feed     fleam     niece    mien     beach
need     fream     piece    queen    reach
weed     ream      grease   wean     teach
bead     team      crease   keen     screech
lead     least     meet     glean    breach
read     feast     bleat    splean   bleach
seed     yeast     cheat    dean     each
creed    beast     treat    green    peach
heed     priest    meat     quean    field
mead     east      seat     yean     yield
knead    reef      feat     lean     shield
reed     grief     beat     mean     wield
bleed    brief     neat     heave    fiend
breed    chief     feet     cleave   league

-----
[p. 45]

teague    bright    snow     more     told
tweag     fight     stow     four     cold
leash     blight    strow    pour     mould
liege     fright    dough    door     port
dry       wight     sloe     roar     sport
bye       wright    mole     boar     court
fly       clime     pole     hoar     goad
cry       rhime     soal     oar      load
sky       climb     foal     soar     road
lie       smile     goal     oat      woad
die       stile     roll     boat     soap
eye       guile     poll     doat     froze
buy       mild      boll     goat     close
try       child     toll     moat     prose
fry       wild      foul     bloat    chose
pie       stride    scroll   float    coach
wry       bride     coal     joak     poach
high      guide     shoal    oak      roach
nigh      guise     bowl     croak    broach
sigh      fro       prowl    cloak    folks
by        doe       stroll   soak     coax
fie       toe       troll    tone     foam
hie       bow       brogue   own      roam
vie       mow       rogue    known    comb
light     tow       vogue    groan    loam
might     row       most     blown    shorn
height    owe       post     flown    sworn
night     slow      host     mown     mouth
right     glow      ghost    sown     force
sight     blow      boast    moan     course
tight     slow      roast    loan     hoarse
flight    know      coast    shown    source
sleight   grow      toast    old      coarse

-----
[page image]
 p. 46

board   yew         hence       stench      wink
hoard   chew        pence       quench      pink
goard   clew        fence       wench       cinque
sword   ewe         lapse       wrench      prism
holme   slue        flat        drench      schism
oaf     mew         gnat        fetch       chip
loaf    cure        sash        sketch      skip
due     pure        clash       wretch      ship
true    your        gash        spend       strip
you     rude        strap       friend      scrip
glue    prude       wrap        blend       spin
sue     shrewd      shall       badge       chin
dew     crude       bled        fadge       twin
few     feud        dead        edge        skin
new     rheum       stead       hedge       guilt
lieu    muse        read        wedge       built
view    bruise      tread       sledge      quilt
flew    use         bread       ledge       build
grew    cruise*     spread      sedge       drift
screw   spruce      shred       pledge      shift
brew    juice       head        dredge      swift
blew    use         cleanse     fledge      twist
drew    cruse†      realm       bridge      wrist
knew    sluice      drachm      bilge       risque
crew    fruit       deck        helve       shrill
hew     bruit       neck        twelve      skill
strew   suit        peck        delve       spill
shrew   mewl        check       valve       chill
flew      2         speck       guess       ditch
blue    jamb        wreck       breast      pitch
rue     lamb        meant       guest       witch
shrew   plaid       sense       sweat       twitch
spew    limb        tense       debt        niche
stew    gaunt       bench       stem        hinge
tew     dense       clench      phlegm      singe

         *A voyage.   †A small cup.

-----
p. 47

cringe    dost       drudge   tost       spawn
fringe     2         shrub    war        yawn
twinge    curl       scrub    for†       laud
glimse    hurl       bulge    nor        fraud
since     churl      gurge    taught     broad
rince     drum       surge    caught     cord
wince     dumb       purge    brought    lord
teint     crumb      plunge   fought     ward
brick     numb       curse    ought      gauze
stick     plumb      purse    wrought    cause
kick      much         3      fought     pause
wick      such       law      groat      clause
quick     touch      shaw     fraught    torch
spit      crutch     taw      naught     scorch
knit      burst      maw      form       gorge
twit      stuff      raw      storm      all
five      snuff      pay      swarm      tall
sieve     rough      saw      warm       fall
ridge     tough      awe      born       hall
 1        plump      gnaw     corn       gall
none      stump      straw    warn       pall
stone     trump      flaw     corse      ball
home      lurch      draw     horn       call
bolt      church     chaw     morn       wall
colt      young      claw     fawn       maul
joult     gulph      craw     lawn       scrawl
boult     nymph      haw      dawn       sprawl
dolt      hymn       jaw      pawn       squall
moult     judge      cost*    sawn       yawl
coat      grudge     lost     brawn      awl


   * Perhaps o and a in the words cost, horn, warm, &c. may be
considered as coming more properly under figure 5:  but the liquids that
follow them have such an effect in lengthening the syllable, that it
appears more natural to place them under figure 3.  A similar remark
applies to a in bar.

   † These words, when unemphatical, are necessarily short.

-----
[page image]
 p. 48

haul       calk      harp        half       march
stall      daub      bard        calf       parch
small      bawd      card        laugh      starch
crawl      warp      lard        craft      harsh
brawl      wasp      guard       shaft      charge
bawl       want      pard        waft       large
caul         4       yard        raft       barge
drawl      sauce     branch      raught     farce
wart       balm      launch      aft        parse
sort       calm      staunch     haft       calve
short      palm      haunch      pant       halve
quart      psalm     blanch      grant      salve
snort      qualm     craunch     slant      gape
bald       alms      carp        ant        earn
scald      bask      harp        aunt       darn
off        cask      sharp       daunt      sarn
oft        ask       scarp       flaunt     yarn
lost       mask      carve       haunt      bar
soft       task      starve      jaunt      far
cross      ark       arm         taunt      scar
dross      bark      harm        vaunt      spar
moss       dark      charm       cast       star
loss       hark      farm        past       tar
horse      mark      art         last       czar
corpse     lark      cart        blast      car
dwarf      park      dart        fast       char
cough      spark     hart        gast       jar
trough     arc       mart        mast       mar
fork       shark     part        mass       par
cork       stark     tart        pass       barb
hawk       asp       start       lass       garb
balk       clasp     smart       brass      carle
walk       hasp      chart       class      marle
talk       rasp      heart       glass      snarl
chalk      gasp      staff       grass      chance
stalk      grasp     chaff       arch       dance

-----
[p. 49]

prance     bond       noon      groove     rook
lance      fond       loon      noose      shook
glance     pond       swoon     choose     croup
trance     wand       bourn     lose       wood
scarf      storm      poor      boose      stood
laste      wrong      tour      coze       good
1          botch      moor      ouse       hood
dock       scotch     boor      coo        could
mock       mosque     cool      two        would
clock      blot       fool      do         should
shock      yacht      tool      shoe       wolf
knock      scoat      stool     loo        hoof
drop       halt       pool      woo        roof
crop       salt       spool     proof      loof
shop       malt       droop     woof       soon
swap       fault      scoop     loose      hoop†
wan        vault      troop     goose      coop
swan       false      loop      moose      poop
gone       bronze     soup      spoon      full
wash          6       group     roost      bull
swash      doom       hoop*       7        pull
watch      room       boot      root       wool
was        boom       coot      foot       bush
waft       loom       toot      shoot      push
knob       bloom      hoot      book       puss
swab       groom      moot      cook        2
wad        womb       food      hook       earl
dodge      tomb       rood      look       pearl
lodge      broom      brood     took       skirt††
bodge      spoon      mood      brook      verse
podge      boon       move      crook      fierce
fosse      moon       prove     stook      pierce


   * To cry out, but more commonly spelt whoop.

   † Of a cask.     †† Under this figure, in the words skirt, firm
&c. i has the sound of second e.


//E//

-----
[page image]
 p. 50

tierce   wert        world       tete       quoif
herse     9          front       feint     ou & ow
terse    run         ront        veil       now
verge    son         wont        cow
serge    ton         dove       oi & oy     how
dirge    won         love        oil        bow
virge    done        shove       spoil      mow
vert     one*        glove       soil       sow
term     come        twirl       broil      vow
firm     some        dunce       toil       brow
germe    bomb        once†       foil       plow
sperm    clomb       monk        boil       gough
strip    rhomb       tongue      coil       slough
chip     dirt        birch       join       out
jerk     shirt       sponge      coin       stout
perk     flirt         10        loin       oust
smerk    wort        heir        groin      trout
yerk     birt        trey        boy        gout
quirk    spirt       sley        joy        pout
herb     squirt      prey        toy        clout
verb     kirk        grey        coy        rout
fir      work        weigh       cloy       shout
myrrh    bird        eigh        buoy       spout
fern     word        neigh       point      scout
earn     first       rein        joint      doubt
yearn    worst       vein        voice      bout
earn     worse       feign       choice     drought††
stern    blood       deign       moist      our
kern     flood       skein       hoist      four
quern    sir         reign       joist      brown
search   her         eight       moise      crown
perch    stir        freight     quoit      drown
swerve   worm        streight    coif       frown


   * Pronounced wun.          † Pronounced wunce.
                    †† Pronounced drouth.


-----
p. 51

clown    spouse   hound    fowl     flounce
gown     drowse   pound    scowl    couch
town     cloud    round    cowl     vouch
house    crowd    sound    growl    slouch
louse    loud     ground   howl     pouch
mouse    proud    wound*   bounce   gouge
douse    shroud   foul     ounce
browse   bound    bowl     pounce


* The fashionable pronunciation is woond; but I choose to follow
analogy.


============================================================

            MONOSYLLABLES IN TH.
The following have the first Sound of th, viz. as in
                   thick, thin.

   1     growth   thank      thatch    filth
throw    quoth    thick      thill     frith
truth    ruth     thrift     third     plinth
youth    teeth    thumb      thrill    splinth
sheath   thane    thump      thrust     3
heath    thowl    length     thwak     loth
both     thrave   strength   tilth     cloth
oath     threw    breath     withe     moth
forth    thrice   death      doth      broth
fourth   thrive   health     smith     sloth
three    throne   wealth     thrust    troth
throat   throe    threat     thrum     north
theme    throve   hath       thread    thaw
thigh      2      rath       thrash    thought
thief    thing    pith       depth     thorn
faith    think    with*      width     froth
blowth   thin     theft      breadth   throll


   * In this word th has its first sound before a consonant, as in
withstand; and its second sound before a vowel, as in without,
with us.  But in other compound words, th generally retains the
sound of its primitive.


-----
[page image]
 p. 52

thwart   garth      6      girth     thirl
warmth   lath     tooth    mirth      ou
  4      wrath    through    9       south
swath      5        2      third     mouth
path     throb    earth    thirst
hearth   throng   dearth   worth
bath     thong    birth    month


The following have the second Sound of th, as in thou.


  1      those    wreath     the        10
Thy      tithe    writhe     them      they
bathe    these    seethe     thence    there
lathe    though   breathe    than      their
swathe   thee        2         6        ou
clothe   lithe    this       booth     thou
loathe   hithe    that       smooth    mouth
meethe   blithe   then       soothe
teeth*   thine    thus


   * The noun teeth has the first sound of th, and the verb to teeth
its second sound.   The same is observed of mouth and to mouth[.]
This is the reason why these words are found under both heads.

   The words mouth, moth, cloth, cath, path, swath, bath, lath
have the first sound of th in the singular number, and the second
in the plural.

   N. B. Foreigners are very apt to pronounce th like d as, dis
dat, for this, that.  A little care will break this habit both in
children and adults.

============================================================

TABLE XIII.
Lessons of easy Words, to teach Children to read, and
                   to know their Duty.

        LESSON I.
No man may put off the law of God.
My joy is in his law all the day.
O may I not go in the way of sin.
Let me not go in the way of ill men.

-----
p. 53

            II.
A bad man is a foe to the law.
It is his joy to do ill.
All men go out of the way.
Who can say he has no sin?

           III.
The way of man is ill.
My son, do as you are bid.
But if you are bid, do no ill.
See not my sin, and let me not go to the pit.

             IV.
Rest in the Lord, and mind his word.
My son, hold fast the law that is good.
You must not tell a lie, nor do hurt.
We must let no man hurt us.

              V.
Do as well as you can, and do no harm.
Mark the man that doth well, and do so too.
Help such as want help, and be kind.
Let your sins past, put you in mind to mend.

             VI.
I will not walk with bad men; that I may not be
   cast off with them.
I will love the law and keep it.
I will walk with the just and do good.

            VII.
This life is not long, but the life to come has no
   end.
We must pray for them that hate us.
We must love them that love not us.
We must do as we like to be done to.

           VIII.
A bad life will make a bad end.
He must live well that would die well.
He doth live ill that doth not mend.


//E 2//

-----
[page image]
 p. 54

In time to come we must do no ill.

                      IX.
No man can say that he has done no ill.
For all men have gone out of the way.
There is none that doth good:  no, not one.
If I have done harm, I must do it no more.

                   X.
Sin will lead us to pain and woe.
Love that which is good and shun vice.
Hate no man, but love both friends and foes.
A bad man can take no rest day nor night.

                       XI.
   He that came to save us will wash us from all sin;
I will be glad in his name.

   A good boy will do all that is just; he will flee
from vice; he will do good, and walk in the way of
life.

   Love not the world, nor the things that are in the
world; for they are sin.

   I will not fear what flesh can do to me; for my
trust is in him who made the world.

   He is nigh to them that pray to him, and praise his name.


                     XII.
   Be a good child:  mind your book; love your
school, and strive to learn.

   Tell no tales; call no ill names; you must not lie,
nor swear, nor cheat, nor steal.

   Play not with bad boys; use no ill words at play;
spend your time well; live in peace; and shun all
strife.  This is the way to make good men love you,
and save your soul from pai and woe.


                    XIII.
   A good child will not lie, swear nor steal.  He

-----
p. 55

will be good at home, and ask to read his book,
when he gets up, he will wash his hands and face
clean; he will comb his hair, and make haste to school;
he will not play by the way, as bad boys do.


                     XIV.
   When good boys and girls are at school, they will
mind their books, and try to learn to spell and
read well, and not play in time of school.

   When they are at church, they will sit, kneel or
stand still; and when they are at home, will read some
good book, that God may bless them.


                       XV.
   As for those boys and girls that mind not their
books, and love not church and school, but play
with such as tell tales, tell lies, curse, swear and steal
they will come to some bad end, and must be whipt
till they mend their ways.


============================================================

              TABLE XIV.
Words of Two Syllables, accented on the First.

   1         dai-ly      hind-most     mea-zles
A-cre        da-sy       hoar-y        ni-ter
a-pron       dea-con     hu-mor        oat-meal
bare-foot    dot-age     jew-el        past-ry
beast-ly     eve-ning    jui-cy        pi-ous
brew-er      fa-vor      knave-ry      peo-ple
beau-ty      fla-vor     knight-hood   plu-mage
brok-en      fea-ture    li-ver        pa-rent
boat-swain   fe-male     la-bor        pro-logue
bow-sprit    for-ward    le-gion       quo-ta
brave-ry     grate-ful   may-or        rhu-barb
ca-ble       griev-ous   me-ter        ri-fle
cheap-en     gno-mon     mi-ter        rogu-ish

-----
[page image]
 p. 56

re-gion         bus-tle     driv-en      hind-rance
sea-son         cam-el      dud-geon     hus-band
spright[-]ly    cap-tain    dun-geon     hum-ble
sti-fle         cen-sure    drunk-ard    husk-y
ste-ple [sic]   chap-el     dust-y       im-age
bol-ster        chast-en    ec-logue     in-stance
coul-ter        cher-ish    en-gine      in-ward
slave-ry        chim-ney    en-trails    isth-mus
shoul-der       car-ry      er-ror       jeal-ous
tai-lor         car-riage   fash[-]ion   jour-nal
trea-ty         ci-ty       fau-cet      knuc-kle
wea-ry          clam-our    fat-ten      knap-sack
wo-ful          clean-ly    fes-ter      lan-guage
wri-ter         cred-it     fer-riage    lan-gour
wain-scot       crev-ice    fid-dle      land-lord
    6           crick-et    flag-on      le-vel
ab-sence        crust-y     frec-kle     lim-it
ab-bey          chrys-tal   frus-trate   lus-ter
am-ple          cup-board   fur-lough    lunch-eon
asth-ma         cus-tom     ges-ture     mad-am
an-cle          crib-bage   gante-lope   mal-ice
bal-ance        cul-ture    gin-gle      man-gle
bel-fry         cous-in     glis-ten     mas-tiff
bash-ful        cut-lass    grand-eur    mel-on
bish-op         dam-age     grav-el      mer-it
blem[-]ish      dam-ask     grum-ble     min-gle
blus-ter        dam-sel     guin-ea      mis-tress
brim-stone      dam-son     gud-geon     mis-chief
brick-kiln      dan-druff   hand-ful     mus-ket
blud-geon       dac-tyl     hab-it       mus-lin
bel-lows        debt-or     has-soc      mus-ter
bis-cuit        dim-ple     hav-oc       mar-riage
brit-tle        dis-tance   heif-er      nev-er
buck-ram        dou[-]ble   heav-y       nim-ble

-----
p. 57

pad-lock    scis-sors      ven-tur-e    morn-ing
pam-phlet   seven-night    vin-tage     mor-tal
pen-ance    scep-ter       vis-it       mort-gage
pes-ter     spec-ter       vis-age      naugh-ty
phren-zy    scrib-ble      vict-uals    saw-yer
pis-mire    scuf-fle       ven-geance   tor-ment
plan-et     sin-ew         veni-son     wa-ter
pleas-ant   sim-ple        vine-yard       4
peas-ant    sin-gle        waist-coat   sau-cy
pin-cers    scep-tic       wed-lock     sau-cer
prat-tle    smug-gle       wick-ed      an-swer
pun-ish     span-gle       wran-gle     barb-er
puz-zle     spig-ot        wrap-er      brace-let
pic-ture    spit-tle       wres-tle     cart-er
pur-chase   spin-dle       wrist-band   cham-ber
prac-tise   squad-ron      wea-pon      craft-y
phthis-ic   sup-ple        wid-geon     char-coal
punch-eon   subt-le        zeal-ot      flask-et
quick-en    stur-geon      zeal-ous     gar-land
quad-rant   sur-geon       zeph-yr      ghast-ly
ram-ble     tal-ent        yeom-an      gar-ment
rap-id      tal-on            3         har-lot
rat-tle     tan-gle        bor-der      har-vest
reb-el      tat-tle        cor-ner      jaun-dice
rel-ish     tav-ern        slaugh-ter   mar-gin
rig-our     tempt-er       daugh-ter    mar-ket
ris-en      ten-ant        au-tumn      mas-ter
riv-er      til-age        for-tress    mar-quis
riv-et      tip-ple        for-tune     par-cel
ruf-fle     tres-pass      gau-dy       par-don
res-in      trou-ble       geor-gic     par-lour
sam-ple     twink-ling     gor-geous    part-ner
salm-on     trans[-]port   lau-rel      pas-ture
satch-el    trun-cheon     lord-ship    psalm-ist
scab-bard   ven-om         haugh-ty     scar-let

-----
[page image]
 p. 58

slan-der     hon-or       bo-som        hon-ey
    5        knowl-edge   bush-y        sove-reign
al-way       lodg-er      worst-ed      skir[-]mish
bon-fire     mod-est      cush-ion      shov-el
cob-ler      mod-ern      bul-let       squir-rel
clos-et      mon-strous   bul-lock      vir-gin
col-league   nov-el       bul-ly        wor-ship
com-et       nov-ice      bul-wark      wan-der
com-rade     prof-fer     butch-er         10
con-quer     prog-ress    coop-er       hei-nous
cock-swain   prom-ise     cuck-oo       neigh[-]bor
con-duit     pros-pect      2             ou
                          ver-min
cop-y        pros-per     ver-dict      coun-cil
con-trite    stop-page    ver[-]juice   coun-ter
con-fin      spon-dee     vir-tue       coun-ty
doc-trine    wan-der      ker-nel       dough-ty
flor-id      wan-ton        9           drow[-]sy
fon-dle      war-rant     con-jure      moun-tain
fore-head    squan-der    cov-er        show-er
frol-ic      yon-der      cir-cuit      flow-er
fal-chion      6          fir-kin       bow-er
grog-ram     gloom-y      com-pass      pow-er
gos-lin      wo-man       com-fort        oy
gos-head     boo-by       bor-ough      voy-age
hom-age         7         dir-ty
hon-est      bush-el      gov-ern

============================================================

                 T A B L E.  XV.
Proverbs, Counsels, and Maxims in Words of One
                    Syllable.

          I.
HOT love is soon cold.
Hope well and have well.

-----
p. 59

The best may mend.
Look ere you leap.
Soon hot soon cold.
All is well that ends well.
All cannot hit the mark[.]
Soft and fair goes far, [sic]
Hold fast when you have it.
Ill news will come too soon.
Give an inch and take an ell.
A good man is a wise man.

             II.
A good cow may have a bad calf.
You tell a tale to a deaf man.
You have hit the nail on the head.
You must not buy a pig in a poke.
Help came when hope was gone.
Two eyes see more than one.
Time and tide will wait for no man.
He is a fool that will not give an egg for an ox.
You hold with the hare and run with the dogs.
One may as well sit still as rise up and fall.
As you brew so you must brake. [sic]
A man may buy gold too dear.
You cannot have more of the cat than her skin.
You can spy a mote in his eye, but cannot see a beam
   in your own.
He may well swim that is held up by the chin.

                    III.
A bird that can sing and will not must be made
   to sing[.]
An ill life has an ill end.
When wine is in, wit is out.
As you make your bed so you must lie.
A cat may look on a king.
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

-----
[page image]
 p. 60

Wit once bought is worth twice taught.
A wise head makes a close mouth.
Let not your tongue cut your throat.
He that lies down with dogs, must rise up with fleas.
If once a man fall, all will tread on him.
There are more ways to the wood than one.
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
As the old cock crows the young one learns.
When the sky falls we will catch larks.

                  IV.
The more haste the worse speed.
Love will creep where it dares not go.
Tread on a worm and it will turn.
You set the fox to guard the geese.
New lords new laws.
Fair words and foul play cheat both young and old, [sic]
Pride will have a fall.
He swims with the tide.'Out of sight out of mind.
Win gold and wear it.
Harm watch harm catch.
Hope keeps the heart whole.
Rome was not built in one day.
Fair words hurt not the mouth.
A burnt child dreads the fire.
Make hay while the sun shines.

                V.
The tree is known by its fruit.
A new broom sweeps clean.
When the storm is past then comes a calm.
Look not a gift horse in the mouth.
Hear with both ears and then judge.
Do not think to catch old birds with chaff.
Haste makes waste, and waste brings want.

-----
p. 61

It is a base bird that fouls its own nest.
A friend is not so soon got as lost.
He that will not work should not eat.
It is good to have two strings to one's bow.
It is hard to teach an old dog new tricks.
No sweat no sweet; no pains no gains; no cross no
   crown.
A man may love his house well, though he rides not
   on the ridge.

                       VI.
A wise man hath his tongue in his heart, but a fool
   hath his heart on his tongue.
Be more apt to hear than to speak, and to learn than
   to teach.
Youth, like the spring will soon be past.
All is not gold that shines.
What is bred in the bone stays long in the flesh.
He that would thrive must rise at five.
Do all you can to be good, and you will be so.
Mark the man that doth well & walk thou in his ways.
    He that will not when he may,
    When he would he shall have nay.

  Let the time past put thee in the mind of the ill
thou hast done, and do so no more.

                      VII.
   The time will come when we must all be laid in
the dust.

   Keep thy tongue from ill, and thy lips from guile.
Let thy words be plain, and true to the thoughts of
the heart.

   He that strives to vex or hurt those that sit
next to him, is a bad boy and will meet with foes,
let him go where he will; but he that is kind, and
loves to live in peace will make friends of all that
know him.


//F//

-----
[page image]
 p. 62

   A clown will not make a bow or thank you when
you give him what he wants; but he that is well
bred will do both.

   He that speaks loud in school will not learn his
own book well, nor let the rest learn theirs; but
those that make no noise will soon be wise, and gain
much love and good will.

                         VIII.
   Shun the boy that tells lies or speaks bad words;
or he would soon bring thee to shame.

   He that does no harm shall gain the love of the
whole school; but he that strives to hurt the rest
shall meet with his match[.]

   He that lies in bed when he should go to school
is not wise; but he that shakes off sleep shal [sic] I have
praise.

   He is a fool that does not choose the best boys
when he goes to play; for bad boys will cheat and
lie, and swear, and strive to make him as bad as
themselves.

   Slight no man, for you know not how soon you
may stand in need of his help.

                      IX.
   If you have done wrong, own your fault; for he
that tells a lie to hide it, makes two.

   He that tell[s] th[e] truth is a wise child; but he
that tells lies, will not be heard when he speaks the
truth.

   When you are at school, make no noise; but
keep your seat and mind your book; for what you
learn will do you good when you grow a man.

   Play no tricks on them that sit next you; for if
you do, good boys will shun you as they would a
dog that they knew would bite them.

   He that hurts you at the same time that he calls
you his friend, is worse than a snake in the grass.

-----
p. 63

   Be kind to all men and hurt not thyself.

   A wise child loves to learn his book; but the fool
would choose to play with toys.

                       X.
   Sloth keeps such a hold of some clowns, that
they lie in bed when they should go to school; but
a boy that wants to be wise will drive sleep far from
him.

   Love him that loves his book, and speaks good
words and does no harm; for such a friend may do
thee good all the days of thy life.

   Be kind to all as far as you can; you know not
how soon you may want their help; and he that has
the good will of all that know him, shall not want
a friend in the time of need.

   If you want to be good, wise and strong, read with
care such books as have been made by wise and
good en; think of what you read in your spare
hours; be brisk at play, but do not swear; and waste
not too much of your time in bed.

============================================================

               TABLE XVI.
Words of Two Syllables, accented on the Second.

      1     as-sign    be-low      con[-]strain
ac-quire    af-ray     be-stow     de-ceive
a-bate      a-vail     be-hea      de[-]ceit
a-buse      a-wake     con-sign    de-crease
a-dieu      a-way      com-plain   de[-]light
af-fair     al-ly      cam-paign   de-pose
af-fright   be-lieve   con-dign    de-sign
ap-proach   be-lief    con-cise    de-sire
ar-raign    be-nign    con-ceit    de-vise
a-rise      be-siege   con-fuse    dis-clam

-----
[page image]
 p. 64

dis-course   re-sign       de-bauch       9
dis-may      sup-pose      per-form     a-bove
dis-own      tran-scribe   re-ward      a-mong
dis-play     trans-pose    sub-orn      be-come
dis-pose     un-close      trans-form   be-love
en-close     un-tie           4            10
en-croach    un-true       e-clat       con-vey
en-dear      up-right      ad-vance     sur-vey
en-treat         1         a-far        in-vegh
ex-cise      ad-journ      a-larm          oi
ex-pose      a-byss        guit-ar      ap-point
in-crease    at-tack       in-graft     a-noint
in[-]dict    at-tempt      re-mark      a-void
im-pair      a-venge       sur-pass     em-broil
in-fuse      ad-ept        ca-tarrh     en-joy
in-scribe    be[-]head     re-gard      de-stroy
ma-lign      be-twixt         6         de-coy
ob-tain      bur-lesque    ap-prove     pur-loin
o-paque      con-temn      a-mour       re-joice
per-tain     con-tempt     bab-oon      sub-join
per-vail     co-quette     bas-soon     dis-joint
per-scribe   e-nough       be-hove
pro-pose     fi-nesse      buf-foon       ou
pur-suit     ga-zette      ca-noe       a-mount
pro-rogue    gro-tesque    car-touch    a-bout
re-ceive     har-angue     dis-prove    com-pound
re-ceipt     im-burse      a-loof       con-found
re-course    qua-drille      2          dis-count
re-pair      so-journ      im-merge     ac-count
re-pose          3         im-merse     pro-nouce [sic]
re-prieeve   a-dorn        af-firm      pro-pound
re-straint   a-broad       de[-]sert    sur[-]mount
re-sume      be-cause      de-serve     al-low
re-tail      de-fraud      a[-]bound

-----
p. 65

                T A B L E  XVII.
Words of Three Syllables; the full Accent on the
     First, and the half Accent on the Third.

Note.  In half accepted terminations, ate, ude, ure, ize, ute, fe,
   ule, uge, ide, the vowel has its first sound generally, though not
   d[we]lt upon so long, or pronounced with so much force, as in the
   full accented syllables.  But in the terminations ice, ive, ile,
   the vowels has generally its second sound, and the final e is
   superfluous, or only softens e; as notice, relative, juvenile,
   pronounced (notis, relativ, juvenil.  In the former case the final e
   is in Roman; and in the latter case in Italic.

     1         pa-gan-ism     ag-o-nize
di-a-phragm    pleu-ri-sy     al-ge-bra
du-pli-cate    qui-e-tude     am-o-rous
e-go-tism      ru-mi-nate     an-ti-quate
fa-vo[-]rite   scru-pu-lous   ap-ti-tude
sen-ci-ble     se-ri-ous      an-o-dyne
fre-quen-cy    su-i-cide      bev-e-rage
fu-gi-tive     suit-a-ble     blun-der-buss
sea-si[-]ble   va-ri-ous      cat-a-logue
glo-ri-ous     u-ni-form      cal-cu-late
he-ro-ism      u-su-ry        can-di-date
ju-bi-lee           2         can-dle-stick
ju-ve-nile     ad-jec-tive    car[-]a-way
live-li-hood   ag-gra-vate    cel-e[-]brate
lu-bri-cate    an-a-pæst      crit-i-cism
lu-cra-tive    an-i-mate      court-e-sy
lu-di-crous    ap-pe-tite     cul-ti-vate
lu-mi[-]nous   al-ti-tude     dec-a-logue
night-in-gale  ab-di-cate     dec-o-rate
nu-me-rous     ac-cu-rate     ded-i-cate
o-di-ous       ad-e-quate     def-i-nite
pre-vi-ous     ac-tu-ate      del-e-gate


//F 2//

-----
[page image]
 p. 66

der-o-gate         in-sti-gate      pres-by-ter
des-o-late         in-sti[-]tute    pres-i-dent
des-po-tism        in-ti-mate       pris-on-er
des-pe-rate        jeal-ous-y       priv-i-lege
des-ti-tute        jeop-ar-dy       quer-u-lous
dem-a-gogue        jes-sa-mine      par[-]a-mour
ep-au-lette        las-si-tude      rail-le-ay
ep-i-logue         lat-i-tude       ran-co-ous
el-o-quence        lib[-]er-tine    rap-tur-ous
el-e-vate          lit-i-gate       rav-en-ous
em-pha-sis         mack-er-el       rec-i-tude
em-u-lous          mag-ni[-]tude    rel-a-tive
en-ter-prise       man-u[-]script   ren-o-vate
en-vi[-]ous        mas-se-cre       rep-ro-bate
ep-i-cure          med-i-cine       res-i-dence
es-ti[-]mate       med-i-tate       res-i-due
ex-cel-lence       mis-chiev-ous    ret-i-nue
fas-ci[-]nate      met-a-phor       rev-e-nue
fab-u-lous         musk-mel-lon     rev-er-ence
feb-ri-fuge        nou[-]ish-ment   rev-er-end
fluc-tu-ate        ped-a-gogue      rhap-so-dy
fur-be-low         pal-li-ate       rhet-o-ric
gen-e-rous         pal-pa[-]ble     rid-i[-]cule
gen-tle-man        pal-pi-tate      sac-ri-fice
gen-u-ine          par-a[-]ble      sac-ri[-]lege
grad-u-ate         par-a-dise       sal-i-vate
gran-a-ry          par-a-digm       sas-sa-fras
hem-is-phere       par-a-phrase     sat-ir-ize
hes[-]i[-]tate     par-a-site       scav-en-ger
hand[-]ker-chief   pa-rent-age      scim-i-tar
hur-ri-cane        par-ox[-]ism     sen-si-ble
hyp-o[-]crite      par-ri-cide      sep-a-rate
im-age-ry          pen-te-cost      ser-a-phim
im-pi-ous          phys-i-cal       stadt-hold-er
in-fam-ous         plen-i-tude      stim-u-late

-----
[p. 67]

stip-u-late     ar-ma-ment       om-in-ous
stren-u-ous     ar-ti-fice       op-e-rate
sub-ju-gate     bay-o-net        op-po-site
sub-se-quent    bar-ba-rism      or-i-fice
sub-sti-tute    bar-ba-rous      prob[-]a-ble
syn-a-gogue     car-di-nal       pop-u-lous
sim-i-le        car-pen-ter      pos-i-tive
scep-ti-cism    chan-cel-lor     pot-en-tate
syn-co-pe       chan-ce-ry       prof[-]li-gate
sur-ro-gate     guar-di-an       proph-e-cy
syc-o-phant     ghast-li-ness    pros-e-cute
syl-lo-gism     lar-ce-ny        por-rin-ger
tan-ta-lize     mar-gin-al       pros-per-ous
tan-ta-mount    mas-quer-ade     pros-ti-tute
tel-e-scope     par-ti-san       sol-e-cism
ten-a-ble       phar-ma-cy       sol-i-tude
tim-or-ous      par-lia-ment     soph-is-try
treach-e-rous   rasp-ber-ry      vol-a-tile
trip-li-cate        5            roq-ue-laur
tur-pi-tude     al-der-man             2
vas-sal-age     al-ma-nac        per-qui-site
vin-di-cate     bot-a-ny         per-se-cute
bil-let-doux    col-lo-quy       per-son-age
     3          com-pli-ment     ser-vi-tude
cor[-]di-al     com-plai-sance   ter-mi-nate
cor-po-ral      con-sti-tute     firm[-]a-ment
for-ti-tude     cor-o-ner        mir-a-cle
for-ti-tude     crock-e-ry             9
for-tu-nate     lon-gi-tude      cir-cu-lar
fraud-u-lent    nom-i-nate       cir-cum-stance
laud-a-ble      ob[-]li-gate     cir-cum-spect
plau-si-ble     ob-lo-quy        com-pa-ny
por-phy-ry      ob-sta-cle       come-li-ness
     4          ob-sti-nate      gov-ern[-]or
ar[-]gu-ment    ob-vi-ous        gov-ern-ess

-----
[page image]
 p. 68

     oi            ou         coun-te-nance
poign-an-cy   coun-sel-lor
roy-al-ty     coun-ter-feit

============================================================

       TABLE XVIII.

          LESSON I.
MY son, hear the counsel of thy father,
and forsake not the law of thy mother.

   If sinners entice thee to sin, consent thou not.

   Walk not in the way with them; refrain
thy feet from their path:  For their feet run
to evil, and make haste to shed blood.

                   II.
   Be not wise in thine own eyes:  but be
humble.

   Let truth only proceed from thy mouth.

   Despise not the poor, because he is poor,
but honor him, who is honest and just.  Envy
not the rich, but be content with thy fortune.
Follow peace with all men, and let
wisdom direct thy steps.

                 III.
   Happy is the man that findeth wisdom.
She is of more value than rubies.  Length of
days is in her right hand, and in her left hand
riches and honor.  Her ways are pleasant, and
all her paths are peace.  Exalt her, and she
shall promote thee:  She shall bring thee to
honor when thou dost embrace her.

                    IV.
   The ways of virtue are pleasant, and lead
to life; but they who hate wisdom love death.

-----
p. 69

Therefore pursue the paths of virtue and peace,
then safety and glory will be thy reward.  All my
delight is upon the saints that are in the earth, and
upon such as excel in virtue.

============================================================

               T A B L E  XIX[.]
Words of Three Syllables, accented on the Second.

    1             ad[-]ven-ture     ex-cheq-uer
a-chieve-ment     ap-pren[-]tice    es[-]cut-cheon
ac-quaint-ance    au-tum-nal        ho-san-na
ap-prais[-]er     bis-sex-tile      il-lu-strate
ar-rear-age       com-pen-sate      i-am-bus
al-le-gro         com[-]pul-sive    in-cen-tive
ad-do-men         con-sis[-]cate    in-cul-cate
blas-phe-mer      cur-mud-geon      in-den-ture
con[-]ta-gion     con-jec-ture      in-jus-tice
con-ta-gious      con-tem-plate     in-vec-tive
cor-ro-sive       con-vul-sive      lieu-ten-ant
cour-age-ous      de-ben-ture       mo-ment-ous
de-ceit-ful       de[-]fec-tive     of-fen[-]siv-e
de-ci-sive        dis-cou-rage      op[-]pres-sive
dif-fu-sive       dis-par-age       mis-pris-ion
e-gre-gious       dis-sem-ble       nheu-mat-ics
en-light-en       ef-ful[-]gent     pre-sump-tive
o-bei-sance       en-tan-gle        pro-duc-tive
out-rage-ous      ex-cul-pate       pro-gres-sive
pro-ce-dure       ef-fect-ive       re-pul-sive
po-ta-toe         em-bez-zle        re-ten-tive
so-no-rous        en-deav-or        re-venge-ful
mus-que-toe       ex-ces-sive       rheu-mat-ic
     2            ex-pen-sive       stu[-]pen-dous
a-bridge[-]ment   ex-pres-[-]sive   sub-mis-sive
ac-knowl[-]edge   ex-ten-sive

-----
[page image]
 p. 70

      3         a-part-ment        2
a-bor-tive      dis-as-ter      al-ter-nate
en-dorse-ment   em-bar-go       de-ter-mine
im-por-tance         5          e-ner-vate
im-mor-tal      a-pos-tle       re[-]hears-al
per-form-ance   de-mon-strate   sub-ver-sive
re-cord-er      sub-al[-]tern   ha-ber-geon
mis-for-tune         6             6
4               ac-cou-ter      ex-tir-pate
ad-van-tage     ma-nœu-ver

The following are accented on the First and Third
                      Syllables.

1                     2
Ap-per-tain      con-nois-seur   ac-qui-esce
ad-ver[-]tise    en-ter-tain     male-con-tent
con-tra[-]vene   gaz-et-teer          4
can-on-a[d]e     deb-o-nair      coun[-]ter-mand

============================================================

               T A B L E  XX.
Words not exceeding Three Syllables, divided.

           LESSON I.
THE Wick-ed flee when no man pur-su-eth;
but the right-e-ous are as bold as
a li-on.

   Vir-tue ex-alt-eth a na-tion; but sin is a
re-proach to a-ny peo-ple.

   The law of the wise is a foun-tain of life to
de-part from the snares of death.

   Wealth got-ten by de-ceit, is soon wast-ed
but he that gath-er-eth by la-bour shall in-crease
in rich-es.

                      II.
   I-dle-ness will bring thee to pov-er-ty:  but

-----
p. 71

by in-dus-try and pru-dence, thou shalt be
fil-led with bread.

   Wealth mak-eth ma-ny friends; but the
poor are for-got-ten by their neigh-bors.

   A pru-dent man fore-seeth [sic] the e-vil and
hid-eth him-self; but the thought-less pass
on and are pun-ish-ed.

                     III.
   Train up a child in the way he should go,
and when he is old he will not de-part from
it.

   Where there is no wood, the fire go-eth
out, and where there is no tat-ler the strife
ceas-eth.

   A word fit-ly spok-en is like ap-ples of
gold in pic-tures of sil-ver.

   He that cov-er-eth his sins shall not
pros-per; but he that con-fess-eth and for-sak-eth
them shall find mer-cy.

                  IV.
   The rod and re-proof give wis-dom; but
a child left to him-self bring-eth his pa-rents
to shame.

   Cor-rect thy son and he will give thee rest;
yea, he will give thee de-light to thy soul.

   A man's pride shall bring him low; but
hon-or shall up-hold the hum-ble in spi-rit.

   The eye that mock-eth at his fa-ther, and
scorn-eth to o-bey his moth-er, the ra-vens
of the val-ley shall pick it out, and the young
ea-gle shall eat it.

-----
[page image]
 p. 72

                      V.
   By the bless-ing of the up right, the ci-ty
is ex-alt-ed, but is o-ver-thrown by the mouth
of the wick-ed.

   Where no coun-cil is the peo-ple fall; but
in the mul-ti-tude of coun-sel-lors there is
safe-ty.

   The wis-dom of the pru-dent is to un-der-stand
his way, but the fol-ly of fools is de-ceit.

   A wise man fear-eth and de-part[-]eth from
evil; but the fool rag-eth and is con-fi-dent.

   Be not hast-y in thy spir-it to be an-gry;
for an[-]ger rest-eth in the bo-som of fools.

============================================================

              TABLE XXI.
Words of Four Syllables; the full Accent on the
    First, and the half Accent on the Fourth.

2                pal-li-a-tive            3
am-i-ca-ble      pit-i-a-ble        for-mi-da[-]ble
ap-plica[-]ble   rev-o[-]ca[-]ble   hos-pit-a-ble
cred-it-a-ble    spec-u-la-tive           4
des-pi-ca-ble    suf-fer-a-ble      an-swer-a-ble
el-i-gi-ble      tem-per-a-ture           5
es-tim-a-ble     val-u-a-ble        com-mon-al-ty [sic]
ex-pli-ca-tive   ven-er-a-ble       nom-i-na-tive
fig-u-ra-tive    vul-ner-a-ble      op[-]e-ra-tive
lit-e-ra-ture           1           prof-it[-]a-ble
ma-riage-a-ble   a-mi-a-ble         tol-er-a-ble
mis-er-a-ble     ju-di-ca-ture         9
nav-i-ga-ble     va-ri-a-ble        cop-u-la-tive

The following have the half Accent on the Third
                   Syllable.

       2         an-ti-qua-ry   ta-ber-na-cle
Ag-ri-cul-ture   ap-o-plex-y    tran-si-to-ry

-----
p. 73

    3               4             4
au-di-to-ry   ar-bi-tra-ry   par-si-mo-ny

============================================================

              TABLE XXII.
Words of Four Syllables; the full Accent on the
   Second, and the half Accent on the Fourth.

     1             pre-ca-ri-ous      com-mis-e-rate
ad-mi-ra-ble       sa-lu-bri-ous      com-par[-]a-tive
ac-cu-mu-late      spon-ta-ne-ous     com-pat-a-ble
ap-pro-pri-ate     ter-ra[-]que-ous   com-pend-i-ous
an-ni-hi-late      vi-ca-ri-ous       con[-]grat-u[-]late
a-me-na[-]ble      vic-to-ri-ous      con-spic-u-ous
ab-bre-vi-ate      vo-lu-min-ous      con-tem-pla-tive
al-le-vi-ate       ux-o-ri[-]ous      con-tempt-i-ble
cen-so-rious            3             con-tig-u-ous
com-mo-di[-]ous    as-par-a-gus       de-fin-i[-]tive
com-mu-ni-cate     ac-cel-e-rate      de[-]lib-e-rate
con-cu-pis-cence   ad[-]mis-si-ble    de[-]riv-a-tive
com-par-a-ble      ad-ven-tu-rous     di-min-u-tive
de-plor-a-ble      a-dul-te-rate      e-phem-e-ris
dis-pu-ta-ble      ac-cept-a-ble      e-piph-a[-]ny
er-ro-ne-ous       am-big-u-ous       fa-cil-i-tate
har-mo-ni-ous      am-phib-i-ous      fa-nat-i-cism
im-me-di[-]ate     a-nal-y-sis        il-lu-stri-ous
im-pe-ri-ous       ar-tic-u-late      im-pet-u-ous
im-pla-ca-ble      as-sas-in-ate      in-dus-tri-ous
in-tu-i-tive       be-at-i-tude       in-gen-u-ous
la-bori-ous        ca-lum-ni-ate      in-quis-i-tive
me-lo-di-ous       ca-pit-u-late      in-vid-i-ous
mys-te-ri-ous      cer-tif-i-cate     in-vin-ci-ble
no-to[-]ri-ous     ca-tas[-]tro-phe   in-vis-i-ble
ob-se-qui-ous      co-ag-u-late       la-ment-a-ble
op-pro-bri-ous     com-bus-ti-ble     per-fid-i-ous
pe-nu-ri-ous       com-mem-o-rate     per-spic-u-ous


//G//

-----
[page image]
 p. 74

pre-di-ca[-]ment      de-bauch-e-ry    pre-pos-te-rous
pre-fer-a-ble         de-for-mi-ty     pre-rog-a-tive
pro-mis-cu-ous        e-nor-mi-ty      re-spons-i-ble
pa-rish-ion-er        sub-or-di-nate         2
re-cept-a-cle               5          af-firm-a-tive
re-di-cu-lous [sic]   a-bom-i-nate     con-vers-a-ble
si-mil[-]i-tude       ac-com-o-date    re-vers-i-ble
sus-cep-ti-ble        a-non-y-mous     su-per-flu-ous
tem-est-u-ous         a-poc-a-lypse    su-per-la-tive
tu-mult-u-ous         a-poc-ry-pha     pre-serv-a-tive
vi-cis-si-tude        a-pos-tro-phe           9
vo-ci-fe-rous         cor-rob-o-rate   ac-com-pa-ny
vo-lup-tu-ous         de-nom-i-nate    dis-cov-e-ry
u-nan-i[-]mous        de-mon-stra-ble       oi
      3               de-pop-u-late    em-broid-e-ry
con-form-i-ty         dis-con-so-late

============================================================

                TABLE XXIII.
Words of Five Syllables; the full Accent on the
   Second, and the half accent on the Fourth.

2                  pre-par-a-to-ry
Co-tem-po-ra-ry    pro-hib-it-o-ry
de-clam-a-to-ry    res-id-u-a-ry
de-fam-a-to-ry     tu-mult-u-a-ry
dis-pen-sa-to-ry   vo-cab-u-la-ry
e-lec-tu-a-ry      vo-lupt-u-a-ry
e-pis-to-la-ry            5
ex-clam-a-to-ry    con-sol-a-to-ry
ex-plan-a-to-ry    de-pos-it-o-ry
ex-tem-po-ra-ry    de-rog-a-to-ry
he-red-i-ta-ry     in-vol-un-ta-ry
in-cen-di-a-ry     re-pos-it-o-ry
in-flam[-]a-to-ry          2
pre-lim-i-na-ry    ob-serv-a-to-ry

-----
p. 75

The following have the half Accent on the Fifth
                   Syllable.

       1             de-gen-e-ra-cy
Com-mu-ni-ca-ble     de-lib-er-a-tive
com-mu-ni-ca-tive    ef-fem-i-na-cy
       2             in-suf-fer-a-ble
con-fed-e-ra-cy      in-dis-so-lu-ble
con-sid-er-a[-]ble   in-vul-ne-ra-ble

============================================================

            T A B L E  XXIV.
Words of Five Syllables, accented on the First and
                     Third.

      1             com[-]pre-hen-si-ble
am-bi-gu-i-ty       con-san-guin-i-ty
con-ti-gu-i-ty      con-tra-dic-to-ry
con-tra-ri-e-ty     cred-i-bil[-]i-ty
dic-ta-to-ri-al     di-a[-]met-ric-al
ep-i-cu-re-an       el-e-ment-a-ry
im-por-tu-ni-ty     ep-i-dem-ic-al
no-to-ri-e-ty       e-van-gel-ic-al
op-por-tu-ni-ty     fal-i-bil-i-ty
per-pe-tu-i-ty      gen-e-al-o-gy
per-spi-cu-i-ty     hos-pi-tal-i-ty
pres-by-te-ri-an    il[-]le-git-i-mate
pri-mo-ge-ni-al     im-per-cep-ti-ble
su-per-flu-i-ty     in-tel-lec-tu-al
tes-ti-mo-ni-al     in-tro-duc-to-ry
       2            in-tre[-]pid[-]i-ty
ac-a[-]dem-ic-al    ir-re-sis-ti-ble
af-fa-bil[-]i-ty    mag-na-nim-i-ty
al-pha-bet-i-cal    met-a-phys-ic-al
an-a-lyt-ic-al      mon-o-syl-la-ble
ar-gu-men-ta-tive   plau-si-bil-i-ty
cir-cum-am-bi-ent   pol-y-syl-la-ble

-----
[page image]
 p. 76

pop-u-la-ri-ty                an[-]i-mos-i-ty
pos-si-bi-li[-]ty             a-pos-tol-ic-al
pri-mo-gen-i-ture             ar-is[-]toc-ra-cy
prin-ci[-]pal-i-ty            as-tro-nom-ic-al
prob-a-bil-i-ty               cat-e-gor-ic-al
prod-i-gal-i-ty               cu-ri-os-i-ty
punc-tu-al[-]i-ty             di-a-bol-ic-al
pu-sil-lan-i-mous             et-y-mol-o-gy
re-gu-lar-i-ty                gen[-]e[-]ros-i-ty
rep-re-hen-si-ble             in[-]ter-rog-a-tive
rep[-]re-sent-a-tive          met-a-phor-ic-al
sat-is[-]fac-to-ry            pe-ri-od-ic-al
sen[-]si-bil-i-ty             phi-lo-soph-ic-al
sen-su-al-i[-]ty              phys-i-ol-o-gy
sim-i-lar-i-ty                phys-i[-]og-no-my
sin-gu-lar-i-ty               trig-o-nom-e-try
tes[-]ta-ment-a-ry            u-ni-for-mi-ty
       2                            2
an-a-tom-i[-]cal              u-ni-ver-si-ty

============================================================

               TABLE XXV.
          Words not divided.

                 LESSON I.
BE not anxious for your life, what ye shall eat,
or what ye shall drink; nor for your body,
what ye shall put on; for your heavenly Father
knoweth that ye have need of these things.

   Behold the fowls of the air:  For they sow not
neither do they reap nor gather into barns; yet
your heavenly Father feedeth them.

   Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow;
they toil not, neither do they spin; and yet Solomon
in all his glory, was not arrayed like one of
these.

-----
p. 77

                        II.
   Therefore be not anxious for the good things of
this life, but seek the kingdom of heaven and its
righteousness, and all things shall be added to you.

   Ask, and it shall be given unto you:  Seek and
ye shall find:  Knock, and it shall be opened.

   Love your enemies; bless them that curse you;
do good unto them that hate you, and pray for
them that scornfully use you and persecute you.

                     III.
   When thou prayest, be not as the hypocrites,
who love to pray standing in the synagogues, and
in the streets, that they may be seen of men:  But
when thou prayest, enter into thy closet, and when
thou hast shut thy door, pray to thy Father who
is in secret, and thy Father who seeth in secret
shall reward thee openly.

             IV.
   Lay not up for yourselves treasures on earth,
where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thieves
break through and steal; but lay up for yourselves
treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust
doth corrupt, and where thieves do not break
through and steal:  For, where your treasure is
there will be your heart also.

           Our Saviour's Golden Rule.
   All things which ye would have men do to you,
do ye the same to them, for this is the law and the
prophets.

============================================================

                     TABLE XXVI.
In the following words tion, than, tial, and tier, are
        pronounced chun, chan, chal, chur.

     1          2      chris-tian
cour-tier   bas-tion   bes-tial

-----
[page image]
 p. 7[8]

fus-tian      com-bus-tion
mix-tion      di-ges-tion
   2          ad-mix-tion
ce-les-tial


         And in all words where t is preceded by s or z.
In all other words tion is pronounced shun; as are also cion, cyon,
   sion.  Thus motion, coercion, halcyon, mansion, are pronounced
   moshun, coershun, halshun, manshun.  Cial is pronounced
   shal.

      Words of Two Syllables, accented on the First.

   1          2        man-sion    ten-tion
Mo-tion    ac-tion     men-tion    unc-tion
na-tion    dic-tion    mis-sion       3
no-tion    fac-tion    pas-sion    auc-tion
por-tion   fic-tion    pen-sion       5
po-tion    frac-tion   sanc-tion   op-tion
ra-tion    fric-tion   sec-tion       2
sta-tion   func-tion   ses-sion    ver-sion


    Words of Three Syllables, accented on the Second.

    1           pro-fes-sion
ces-sa-tion     col-lec-tion    pro-tec-tion
com-mo-tion     com-mis-sion    pre-emp-tion
de-vo-tion      com-pres-sion   re-demp-tion
plan-ta-tion    con-fes-sion    re-flec-tion
pol[-]lu-tion   con-sump-tion   sub-jec-tion
pro-por-tion    con-ven[-]tion  suc-ces-sion
re-la-tion      con-vic-tion    sus-pen-sion
sal-va-tion     cor-rec-tion          3
fi-du-cial      de-cep-tion     as-per-sion
    2           de-scrip-tion   as-ser-tion
ad-mis[-]sion   di-rec-tion     a-ver-sion
af-fec-tion     dis-tinc-tion   con-ver-sion
af-flic-tion    ex-cep-tion     de-ser-tion
as-cen-sion     ex-pres-sion    dis-per-sion
as-sump-tion    in-flic-tion    re-ver-sion
at-ten-tion     ob-jec-tion     sub-ver-sion

-----
p. 79

Words of Four Syllables; the full Accent on the
    Third, and the half Accent on the First.

      1                per-se-cu-tion
ac-cep-a-tion          pres-er-va-tion
ac-cu-sa-tion          proc-la-ma-tion
ad-mi-ra-tion          pub-li-ca-tion
ad-o-ra[-]tion         ref-or-ma-tion
ag-gra-va-tion         res-er-va-tion
ap-pro-ba-tion         res-o[-]lu-tion
av-o-ca-tion           rev-e-la-tion
cal-cu-la-tion         rev-o-lu-tion
con-dem-na-tion        sep-a-ra[-]tion
con-gre-ga-tion        sup[-]pli-ca[-]tion
con-sti-tu-tion        trib-u-la-tion
con[-]tem[-]pla-tion   vi-o-la-tion
cul-ti-va-tion         vis-i-ta-tion
dec-la-ra-tion                   2
des-o-lu[-]tion        ap-pre-hen-sion
el-o-cu-tion           con-de-scen-sion
em-u-la-tion           con-tra-dic-tion
ex-pect-a-tion         ju-ris-dic-tion
hab-it[-]a-tion        res-ur-rec-tion
in-cli-na-tion         sat-is-fac-tion
in-stii-tu-tion                 3
med[-]i-ta[-]tion      aug-men-ta-tion
mod-e-ra-tion                    5
nav-i-ga-tion          al-ter-a-tion
ob-ser-va-tion

============================================================

Words of Five Syllables, accented on the First and
                    Fourth.

   2          1       ed[-]i-fi-ca-tion
am-pli[-]fi-ca-tion   as-so-ci-a-tion
qual-i-fi-ca-tion     mul-ti-pli-ca-tion

-----
[page image]
 p. 80

con-tin-u-a-tion     con-so-ci-a-tion
rat-i-fi-ca-tion     or-gan-i-za-tion
sanc-ti-fi-ca-tion         2
sig-ni-fi-ca-tion    co-op-e-ra-tion
       9             glo-ri-fi-ca-tion
cir-cum-lo-cu-tion   re-tal-i-a-tion
con-fed-e-ra[-]tion         4
con-grat-u-la-tion   ar-gu-men-ta-tion


     * Pronounced pro-pis-i-a-shun.


   Note.  As[-]sas-si-na-tion, de-nom-i-na-tion, de-ter-mi-na-tion,
il-lu-mi-na-tion, have the second and fourth Syllables accented
and tran-sub-stan-ti-a-tion has an accent on the first, third, and
fifth syllables.  Con[-]sub-stan-ti-a-tion follows the same rule.

============================================================

          a boy in a tree

      FABLE I.  Of the BOY that stole Apples.

AN old man found a rude boy upon one of his trees stealing
apples, and desired him to come down; but the young
saucebox told him plainly he would not[.]  Won't you, said the

-----
p. 81

old man, then I will fetch you down; so he pulled up some tufts
of grass and threw at him; but this only made the youngest laugh,
to think he should pretend to beat him out of the tree with grass
only.

   Well, well, said the old man, if neither grass nor words will
do, I must try what virtue there is in stones:  so the old man pelted
him heartily with stones:  which soon made the young chap
hasten down from the tree and beg the old man's pardon.

                         M O R A L
   If good words and gentle means will not reclaim the wicked,
they must be dealt with in a more severe manner.

============================================================

                    T A B L E XXVII.
In all words ending in ow unaccented, w is silent, and o has its
   first sound.  Many of these words are corrupted in vulgar
   pronunciation; follow is called foller, &c. for which reason the
   words of this class are collected in the following table.

2
Bar-row    bel-lows   hal-low    win-no-w
bel-low    har-row    shad-ow    yel-low
bil-low    cal-low    shal-low       5
el-bow     mal-lows   spar-row   bor-row
fel-ow     mar-row    tal-low    fol-low
fal-low    mead-ow    whit-low   mor-row
far-row    mel-low    wid-ow     sor-row
fur-row    min-now    wil-low    wal-low
gal-lows   nar-row    win-dow    swal-low

============================================================

                        T A B L E XXVIII.
In the following words t sounds like zh.  Thus con-fu-si-on is
   pronounced con-fu-zhun; bra-si-er, bra[-]zhur; oz-zi-er, ozhur;
   vi-sion, vizh[-]un; plea[-]sure, pleazh-ure.
Note In this and the following table, the figures shew the accented
   syllables, without any other direction.

    1     osier      fusion
brasier   rasure         1
crosier   hosier     am-brosial
gla-zier  sei-zure   ad-he-sion

-----
[page image]
 p. 82

al-lu-sion      em-bra-sure         2
co-he-sion      en-clo-sure     ab-scis-ion
col-lu-sion     e-ra-sion       col-lis-ion
con-clu-sion    il-lu-sion      con[-]cis[-]ion
con-fu-sion     in-tru-sion     ci-vis-ion
con[-]tu-sion   in-fu-sion      de-cis-ion
de-lu-sion      pro[-]fu-sion   de-ris-ion
dif-fu-sion     oc-ca-sion      e-lis-ion
ef-fu-sion      ob-tru-sion     e-lys-ian
ex-clu-sion          2          pre-cis-on
ex-plo-sion     vis-ion         pro-vis-ion
e-va-sion       meas-ure        al-lis-on
a-bra-sion      pleas-ure       re-cis-on
cor-ro-sion     reas-ure         9       2
de-tru-sion     leis-ure        cir-cum-cis-ion
dis-po-sion     az-ure

The compounds and derivatives follow the same rule.

============================================================

          a woman alarmed over spilt milk

        FABLE II.  The COUNTRY MAID and her MILK-PAIL.
WHEN men suffer their imaginations to amuse them with
the prospect of distant and uncertain improvement of their
condition, they frequently suffer real losses by their inattention to
those affairs in which they are immediately concerned.

-----
p. 83

   A country maid was walking very deliberately with a pail of
milk upon her head, when she fell into the following train of
reflections; The money for which I shall sell this milk, will enable
me to increase my flock of eggs to three hundred.  These eggs,
allowing for what may prove addle, and what may be destroyed by
vermin will produce at least two hundred and fifty chickens.  The
chickens will be fit to carry to market about Christmas, when
poultry always bears a good price; so that by May-day I cannot
fail of having money enough to purchase a new gown.  Green—
let me consider—yes, green become my complexion best, and
green it shall be.  In this dress I will go to the fair, where all
the young fellows will strive to have me for a partner; but I shall
perhaps refuse every one of them, and with an air of disdain toss
from them.  Transported with this triumphant thought, she could
not forbear acting with her head what passed in her imagination,
when down came the pail of milk, and with it all her imaginary
happiness.

============================================================

                 T A B L E  XXIX.
Words in which cie, fie, and tie, are pronounced she; zia, and
   cia, sha; cious and tious, shus.  Thus, ancient, partial,
   captious, are pronounced anshant, parshal, capshus.  This rule
   will be sufficient to direct the learner to a right pronunciation
   without distinguishing the silent letters.

    1       fic-tious      au-da-cious
gre-cian    nup-tial       ca-pa-cious
gra-cious   tran-sient     con-so[-]ciate
pa-tient    lus-cious      dis-so-ciate
quo-tient       3          e-ma-ciate
spa-cious   cau-tious      ex-cru-ciate
spe-cious       4          ex-pa-tiate
spe-cies*   par-tial       fa-ce-tious
so-cial        5           fal[-]la-cious
sa-tiate    con-science    fe-ro-cious
    2       con-scious     in-gra[-]tiate
an-cient        1          lo-qua-cious
cap-tious   ap-pre-ciate   ne-go-ciate
fac-tions   as-so-ciate    pro-ca-tious


       * Pronounced speshiz.

-----
[page image]
 p. 84

ra-pa-cious     com-ni-cience           2
se-ga-cious     po-ten-tial        cir-cum-stan-tial
se-qua-cious    pro-vin-cial       con-sci-en-tious
te-na-cious     pru-den-tial       con-se-quen-tial
vex-a-tious     sen-ten-tious      con-fi-den-tial
vi-va-cious     sub-stan-tial      pen-i-ten-tial
vo-ra-cious          2             pes-ti-len-tial
     2          com-mer-cial       prov-i-den-tial
an-nun-ciate          1            rev-e-ren-tial
con-ten-tious   ef-fi-ca-cious     res-i-den-tia-ry
cre-den-tial    os-ten-ta-tious       5
e-nun-ciate     per-ti-na-cious    e-qui-noc-tial
es-sen-tial     per-spi-ca-cious   1          2
in-fec-ti-ous   con-tu-ma-cious*   plen-i-po-ten-tia-ry
li-cen-ciate

   The compounds and derivatives follow the same rule.


* The words of four syllables have the half accent on the first.


          fox and flies

        FABLE III.   The FOX and the SWALLOW.

ARISTOTLE informs us that the following fable was spoken
by Æsop to the Samians, on a debate upon changing their
minister, who were accused of plundering the commonwealth.

   A fox, swimming across a river, happened to be entangled

-----
p. 85

in some weeds that grew near the bank, from which he was unable
to extricate himself.  As he lay thus exposed to whole swarms
of flies who were galling him, and sucking his blood, a swallow
observing his distress, kindly offered to drive them away.  By no
means, said the Fox, for if these should be chased away, who are
already sufficiently gorged, another more hungry swarm would
succeed, and I should be robbed of every remaining drop of blood
in my veins.

============================================================

                      T A B L E  XXX.
In the following words, the vowels are all short, and the accented
   syllable must be pronounced as though it ended with the
   consonant sh.  Thus, pre-cious, spe-cial, effi[-]cient, logi-cian,
   mali-tia [sic], ed-di-ti-on, are pronounced presh-us, spesh-al, effish[-]unt,
   logish-un, malish-a, addish-un.

    2            ef-fi-cient      pe-ti-tion
pre-cious        es-pe-cial       pro-fi-cient
spe-cial         fla-gi-tious     phy-si-cian
vi-tious         fru-i-tion       po-si-tion
vi-tiate         ju[-]di-cial     pro-pi-tious
   2             lo-gi-cian       se-di-tion
ad-di-tion       ma-gi-cian       se-di-tious
am-bi[-]tion     ma-li-cious      sol-sti-tial
aus-pi-cious     mi[-]li[-]tia    suf-fi-cient
ca-pri-cious     mu-si-cian       sus-pi-cious
co-mi-tial       nu-tri-tion      trans-i-tion
con-di-tion      no-vi[-]coate    po-li-tion
cog[-]ni-tion    of-fi-ciate        2
con-tri-tion     of-fi-cial       ab-o-li-tion*
de-fi-cient      of-fi-cious      ac-qui-si-tion
de-li-cious      pa-tri-tion      ad-mo[-]ni-tion
dis[-]cre-tion   par-ti[-]tion    ad[-]ven-ti-tious
dis[-]cu-tient   per-di[-]tion    am-mu[-]ni[-]tion
e-di-tion        per-ni[-]cious   ap-pa-ri-tion


   * The words of four syllables have a half accent on the first,
except practitioner.  Arithmetition, academician, and
supposition, have the half accent on the second, and mathematitian on
the first.


//H//

-----
[page image]
 p. 86

ar-ti-fi-cial      e-bu-li-tion      su-per-fi-cial
ad-sci-ti-tious    er-u-di-tion      su[-]per[-]sti-tion
ap-po-si-tion      ex-hi-bi-tion     sup-po-si[-]tion
a-va-ri-cious      ex-po-si-tion     sur-rep-ti-tious
ben-e-fi-cial      im-po-si-tion       2
co-a-li-tion       op-po-si-tion     prac-ti-tion-er
com-pe-ti-tion     prej-u-di[-]cial         3
com-po[-]si-tion   pol-i-ti-tion     a-rith-me-ti-cian
def-i-ni-tion      prop-o-si-tion    sup-pos-i-tion
dep-o-si-tion      pro-hi-bi-tion    math-e-ma-ti-cian
dis-po-si-ion      rhet[-]o-ri-cian

   The compounds and derivatives follow the same rule.

In the following words the consonant q terminates the syllable;
   but perhaps the ease of the learner may render a different
   division more eligible.

     2
e-qui-ty       li-quor       la[-]quey      in-i-qui-ty
e-quit-a-ble   li-que-fy        2           in-i-qui-tous
li-quid        li-qui-date   an-ti-qui-ty   ob-li-qui-ty

============================================================

          cat and rat

         FABLE IV.—The CAT and the RAT.
A CERTAIN Cat had made such unmerciful havock among
the vermin of her neighbourhood, that not a single rat, or

-----
p. 87

mouse dared venture to appear abroad.  Puss was soon convinced
that if affairs remained in their present situation, she must be totally
unsupplied with provision.  After mature deliberation, therefore,
she resolved to have recourse to stratagem.  For this purpose
she suspended herself from a hook with her head downwards,
pretending to be dead.  The rats and mice observing her as they peeped
from their holes, in this dangling attitude, concluded she was
hanging for some misdemeanor; and with great joy immediately
sallied forth in quest of their prey.  Puss as soon as a sufficient
number were collected together, quitting her hold, dropped into
the midst of them; and very few had the fortune to make good
their retreat.  This artifice having succeeded so well, she was
encouraged to try the event of a second.  Accordingly she whitened
her coat all over, by rolling herself in a heap of flour, and in this
disguise lay concealed in the bottom of the meal-tub.  This stratagem
was executed in general with the same effect as the former.
But an old experienced Rat, altogether as cunning as his adversary,
was not so easily ensnared.  I don't much like, said he, that
white heap yonder; something whispers me there is mischief
concealed under it.  It is true it may be meal; but it may likewise
be something that I shall not relish quite so well.  There can be
no harm, at least, in keeping at a proper distance; for caution, I
am sure, is the parent of security.

============================================================

                           T A B L E  XXXI.
In the following table, i before a vowel, sounds like y at the
   beginning of words, as in junior, filial, dominion, which are
   pronounced, junyur, filyul, dominyun.

   1        ax-iom        pill-ion
fo-lio      bdell[-]ium   pin-ion
ju-nior     bil-ious      stall-ion
sol-dier*   bill-iards    trill-ion
sa-viour    bill-ions     trunn-ion
se-nior     brill-iant    val-iant
seign-ior   bag[-]nio     cull-ion
u-nion      fil-ial       ruff-ian
a-lien      flex[-]ion    runn-ion
ge-nial     flux-ion      scull-ion
ge-nius     mill-ion      bull-ion
anx-ious†   min-ion


* Pronounced sol-ger.     † Pronounced ank-shus.

-----
[page image]
 p. 88

   5             2             punc-til-io
coll-ier       bat-tal-ion     ras-cal-ion
pon[-]iard     ci-vil-ian      re-bell-ion
    9          com-pan-ion     se[-]rag-lio
on-i-on        com-plex-ion    ver-mil-ion
     1         con-nex-ion     aux-il-ia-ry
be-hav-iour    ce-flux-ion     con-cil-ia-ry
com-mun-ion    do-min-ion            2
par-hel-ion    fa-mil[-]iar    min-i-a-ture
pe-cul-iar     o-pin[-]ion         2
con-ven-ient   pa[-]vil-lion   pe-cun-ia-ry
in-gen-ious    post-ill-ion

============================================================

          fox and bramble bush

      FABLE V.—The FOX and the BRAMBLE.

A FOX, closely pursued by a pack of Dogs, took shelter under
the covert of a Bramble.  He rejoiced in this asylum; and
for a while, was very happy; but soon found that if he attempted
to stir, he was wounded by thorns and prickles on every side.—
However, making a virtue of necessity, he forbore to complain,
and comforted himself with reflecting, that no bliss is perfect; that
good and evil are mixed, and flow from the same fountain.  These
Briars, indeed, said he, will tear my skin a little, yet they keep off
the Dogs.  For the sake of the good, then, let me bear the evil
with patience:  each bitter has its sweet; and these Brambles,
though they wound my flesh, preserve my life from danger.

-----
p. 89

         TABLE XXXII.
The first sound of th, as in think.

   2          the-o-rem             1
e-ther        the-a-tre       en-thu-si-asm
ja-cinth      hy-a-cinth           3
the-sis           2           an[-]tip-a-thy
ze-nith       cath-o[-]lic    pa-ren-the-sis
    2         ep-i-thet       a-rith-me[-]tic
thun[-]der    lab-y-rinth     an[-]tith-e-sis
meth-od       leth-ar-gy      mis-an-thro-phy
an-them       pleth-o-ry      phi-lan-thro-phy
diph[-]thong   sym-pa-thy     can-thar-i-des
eth-ics       am[-]a-ranth        5
pan-ther      am-e-thyst      the-oc-ra-cy
sab-bath      ap-a-thy        the-ol-o-gy
thim-ble      can-the-rus     the[-]od-o-lite
this-tle      syn[-]the-sis   ther-mom-e-ter
thurs-day       1             au[-]thor-i[-]ty
triph-thong   pan-the-on      ca-thol-i-can
    3         e-the-rial      my-thol[-]o-gy
en-thral      can-the-ris     or-thog-ra-phy
ath-wart      ca-the-dral     hy-poth-e-sis
be-troth      sab-ba-oth      li-thog[-]ra-phy
   9          u-re-thra       li-thot-o-my
thir-ty       ma-the-sis      a-poth-e-ca-ry
thor-ough         2                 1
    2         au-then-tic     ap-oth-e[-]o-sis
thir-teen     pa-thet-ic      pol-y-the-ism
   on         a-can-thus             1
thou-sand     ath-le-tic      bib-li-o-the-cal
    1         me-theg-lin          5
a-the-ism       4             ich-thy-ol-o-gy
the-o-ry      ca-thar-tic     or-ni-thol-o-gy

     Second sound of th, as in thou.

Ei-ther   nei-ther   hea-then   cloth-ier


//H 2//

-----
[page image]
 p. 90

   2        wheth-er   far-thing   1
fath-om     neith-er   far[-]er   be-neath
feath-er    weth-er       5       be-queath
gath-er     prith-ee   poth[-]er   9
lath-er     bur-then   broth-el   an-o-ther
hith[-]er   south-ern     9           2
leath-er    teth-er    broth-er   to-ge-ther
fer-ther    thith-er   wor-thy       5
breth-ren   whith-er   moth-er    log-a-rithms
weath-er      4        smoth-er      2
with-er     fa-ther    o-ther     nev-er-the-less

   The derivatives follow the same rule.

——————————————————————————————

          bear and man

        FABLE VI.—The BEAR and the TWO FRIENDS.

TWO Friends, setting out together upon a journey which led
through a dangerous forest, mutually promised to assist each
other, if they should happen to be assaulted.  They had not
proceeded far, before they perceived a bear making towards them with
great rage.  There were no hopes in flight; but one of them
being very active, sprung up into a tree; upon which the other,
throwing himself flat on the ground, held his breath, and pretended 
to be dead; remembering to have heard it asserted, that this
creature will not prey upon a dead carcase.  The Bear came up, and
after smelling him some time, left him, and went on.  When he
was quite out of sight and hearing, the hero from the tree calls

-----
p. 9[1]

out, Well, my friend, what said the Bear? he seemed to whisper
you very closely.  He did so, replied the other, and gave me this 
good piece of advice:  never to associate with a wretch, who, in
the hour of danger, will desert his friend.

============================================================

             T A B L E  XXXIII.
  Words in which ch have the sound of k.

  1           2         5
Christ   cho[-]rus   chol-ic        char-ac-ter
chyle    re-trarch   chol[-]er      cat-e-chism
scheme   cha-os      schol-er       pen-ta-teuch
ache     cho-ral     mon-arch       sep-ul-cher
   2     e-poch      or-chal        tech-ni-cal
chasm    o-cher       2             al-chy-my
chrism   tro-chee    schir-rous     an-cho-ret
tach       2           9            brach-i-al
chord    an-chor     stom-ach       lac[h]-ry-mal
    5    chris-ten      1           mach-i-nate
loch     chym-ist    pa-tri-arch    sac-char[-]ine
   6     ech-o       eu-cha-rist    syn-chro-nism
school   chal[-]ice   2             mich-ael-mas
 oi      sched-ule   an-ar-chy          5
choir    pas-chal    chrys-o-lite   chor-is-ter
                   —————
chron-i-cle     cha-lyb-e-ate    the-om-a-chy
or-ches[-]tra   a-nach-ro-nism    4      2
och-i-my        syn-ec-do-che    ar-chi-tec-ture
     1          pyr-rhich-i-us   an-ti-bac[-]chus
chi-me[-]ra     am-phib-ra-chus   2      2
pa-ro-chi-al          2          cat-e-chet-ic-al
pa-mel-ion      mel-an-cho-ly          1
  2                  5           bac-cha-nal-ion
tri-bach[-]us   chro-nol-o-gy    cat-e-chu-men
arch-an-gel     chi-rog-ra-phy        5
me-chan-ic      cho-rog-ra-phy   ich-thy-ol-o-gy
ca-chex-y       chro-nom-e-ter

-----
[page image]
 p. 92

          men chasing dogs

           FABLE VII.—The TWO DOGS.

HASTY and inconsiderate connexions are generally attended
with great disadvantages; and much of every man's good
or ill fortune, depends upon the choice he makes of his friends.

   A good natured Spaniel overtook a surly Mastiff, as he was
travelling on the high road.  Tray, although an entire stranger to
Tyger, very civilly accosted him; and if it would be no interruption,
he said he should be glad to bear him company on his way.
Tyger, who happened not to be altogether in so growling a mood
as usual, accepted the proposal; and they very amicably pursued
their journey together.  In the midst of their conversation they
arrived at the next village, where Tyger began to display his
malignant disposition, by an unprovoked attack upon every dog he
met.  The villagers immediately sallied forth with great indignation, 
to rescue their respective favorites; and falling upon our
two friends without distinction or mercy, poor Tray was most
cruelly treated, for no other reason, than his being found in bad
company.

============================================================

                    T A B L E  XXIV.
Words of French original, in which ch sounds like sh; and i
                  accented like e long.

    1       chan-chre   fra-cheur
Chaise      1           chi-cane
   2        cham-ade        11
cham-ois*   cham-pagn   pique


       * Pronounced shammy.

-----
p. 93

shire              2          bom-bard[-]ier
11            chev-er[-]ill   buc-can-ier
ma-chine      chev-is-ance    can-non-ier
cha[-]grin    chiv-al-ry      cap-a-pie
cash-ier         1            car-bin[-]ier
ca-price      deb-au-chee     cav-a[-]lier
an-tique           1          cor-de-lier
fa-tigue      chan-de-lier    fi-nan-cier
ma-rine       cap-u-chin        5      11
ob-lique      mag-z-zine      quar-an-tine
der-nier      bom-a-sin       char-le-tan
po-lice       man[-]da[-]rin    2        1
ma-chine-ry   brig-a-dier     chat-tel[-]la-ny


   In the words archives, franchise, ch have the English sound.—
The compounds of franchise, such as affranchise, disfranchisement,
&c. follow the same rule.

——————————————————————————————

          two men

     Fable III.  The Partial Judge.

A FARMER came to a neighbouring Lawyer, expressing great
concern for an accident which, he said, had just happened.

-----
[page image]
 p. 94

One of your oxen, continued he, has been gored by an unlucky
bull of mine,[ ]and I should be glad to know how I am to make you
reparation.  Thou art a very honest fellow, replied the Lawyer,
and wilt not think it unreasonable that I expect one of your oxen
in return.  It is no more than justice, quoth the Farmer, to be
sure:  but what did I say?  I mistake—It is your bull that has killed
one of my oxen.  Indeed! says the Lawyer, that alters the case:
I will enquire into the affair; and if—And if! said the Farmer—
the business I find would have been concluded without an if had
you been as ready to do justice to others, as to extract it from them.

============================================================

             T A B L E  XXXV.
Words in which g is hard before i, e, and y.

   1       dag-ger     reg-gish    nog-gen
gear     crag-gy       rug-ged        4
geese      bug-gy      scrag-ged   par-get
gyre       crag-ged    scrag-gy    tar-get
  2        dig-ger     shag[-]gy      2
geld       dreg-gy     slug-gish   gir-dle
get        drug-get    snag-ged    gher-kin
gift       drug-gist   sprig-gy        2
give       slag[-]gy   stag-ger    be-gin
gig        gib-ber     swag-ger      2
gild       gib-bous    trig-ger    wag-ge-ry
gill       gid-dy      twig-gen      5
gimp       gig-gle     twig-gy     log-ger-head
gird*      gig-let     wag-gish        1
girt       giz-zard       3        gy-ra-tion
girl       gim-blet    au-gur         2
     2     hag-gish      5         or-gi-ous
ea-ger     jag-gy      bog-gy      to-geth-er
mea-ger    jag-ged     fog-gy      gym-nas-tic
gew-gaw    knag-gy     clog-gy       2    5
ti-ger     leg-ged     clog-ger    pet-i-fog-ger
to-ged     pig-gin     dog-ged      2          1
   2       quag-gy     dog-ger     ter-giv-er-sa-tion
big-gin    rag-ged     dog-gish   *i has the sound of
brag-ger   rig-ger     jog-ger        second e.

-----

p. 95

The following are pronounced as though they were written with
double g.  Thus finger is pronounced fingger.

  2       lin-ger      youn-gest   strong-er
fin-ger   lin-go         5         strong-est
an-ger    lin-guist    long-er        9
hun-ger   youn-ger     long-est    mon-ger


   These, with their compounds and derivatives, are most of the
words in the language in which g has its hard sound before e, i,
and y.  But to these must be added the derivatives of verbs ending
in g.  Thus from dig cometh diggeth, diggest, digged,
digging, &c. in which g is hard before e and i.

============================================================

                 T A B L E  XXXVI.
The Boy that went to the Wood to look for Bird's Nests
        when he should have been at School.

WHEN Jack got up, and put on his clothes, he thought if
he could get to the wood, he should be quite well; for the
poor fool thought more of a bird's nest than his book, that would
make his wise and great.  When he came there, he could find no
nests but one that was on the top of a tree, and with much ado, he
gets up to it, and robs it of the eggs.  Then he tries to get down;
but a branch of the tree found a hole in the skirt of his coat, and
held him fast.  At this time he would have been glad to have been
at school; for the bird on a rage at the loss of her eggs, flew at
him, and was like to pick out his eyes.  Now it was that the sight
of a man, at the foot of the tree, gave him more joy than all the
nests in the wood.  This man was so kind as to chase away the
bird, and help him out of the tree; and from that time forth, he
would not loiter from school; but grew a good boy and a wise
young man, and had the praise and good will of all that knew him.

============================================================

                       T A B L E  XXXVII.
It is an unerring rule in the language, that c and g are hard at the
   end of words, and they commonly are so at the end of syllables,
   but in the following table they are soft, like s and j at the
   end of the accented syllable.  Thus magic, acid, are pronounced
   majic, asid, and ought to be divided mag-ic, ac-id.  It is a
   matter disputed by school-masters, which is the most eligible
   division—mag-ic, ac-id, or ma-gic, a-cid.  However, as children
   acquire a habit of pronouncing c and g hard at the end of
   syllables, I choose not to break the practice, but have joined these
   consonants to the last syllable.  The figures shew that the
   vowels of the accented syllables are all short.

-----
[page image]
 p. 96

   2          ma-cer-ate        mu-ni-ci-pal
ma-gic        ma-cil-ent        an-ti[-]ci-pate
tra-gic       ma-gis-trate      par-ti-ci-pate
a=gile        tra-ge-dy         sim-pli-ci-ty
a-cid         vi-cin-age        me-di-ci-nal
di-git        ve-get-ate        so-li-cit-ude
vi-gil        ve-get-ant        per-ni-ci-ty
fa-cile       5                 tri-pli-ci-ty
fra-gile      lo-gic            va-ti-cin[-]ate
fri-gid       pro-cess          ver-ti-ci-ty
ri-gid        co-gi-tate        e-da-ci-ty
pla-cid       pro-ge-ny         ex-ag-ge-rate†
pi-geon         2               mor-da-ci-ty
si-gil        il-li-cit         nu-ga-ci-ty
ta-cit        im-pli-cit        o-pa-ci[-]ty
a-gi-tate     e-li-cit          ra-pa-ci-ty
ag-ger-ate*   ex-pli-cit        sa-ga-ci-ty
le-gi-ble     so-li-cit         se-qua-ci-ty
fla-gel-let   i-ma-gine         vi-va-ci-ty
pre-ce-dent   re-li-gion        te[-]na-ci-ty
pre-ci-pice   li-ti-gious       ve-ra-ci-ty
re-ci-pe      pro-di-gious      a-da-gi-o
de-ci[-]mal       2             be-li-ge-rent
de-cim-ate    ne-ces-sa-ry      o-ri-gin-al
la-cer[-]ate    2               ar-mi[-]ger-ous
pa[-]ci-fy    au-da-ci-ty       ca-li-gin-ous
pa-geant-ry   ca-pa-ci[-]ty     om-ni-gin-ous
pa-gin-al     fu-ga-ci-ty       ver-ti-gin-ous
re-gi-cide    lo-qua-ci-ty      re-fri-ger-ate
re-gim-en     men-da-ci-ty       2  2
re-gim-ent    men-di-ci-ty      le-gis-la-ti-on
re-gis-ter    di[-]la-cer-ate   re-ci-ta-tion
spe-ci-fy     du-pli-ci-ty           2
spe-cim-en    fe-li-ci-ty       sa-cri-le-gious


* G soft.          † Exajjerate.

-----
p. 97

e-le-a[-]gin-ous    mul-ti-pli-ci-ty     ve-lo-ci-ty
au-then-ti-ci-ty    per[-]spi-ca-ci-ty   rhi-no-ce-ros
e-las-ti-ci-ty      per-ti-na-ci-ty             5
e-lec-tri-ci-ty*    per-vi[-]ca-ci-ty    an-a-lo-gic-al
du-o-de-ci-mo           5                as-tro-lo-gic-al
ab-o-ri-gen-es      a-tro-ci-ty          my-tho-log-ic-al
ec-cen-tri-ci-ty*   fe-ro-ci-ty          ped-a-go-gic-al
mu-cil-a-gin-ous          2         1
phi-lo-log-ic-al         le-ger-de-main
tau-to-log-ic-al          2        11
the-o-log-ic-al          re-ci-ta-tive
re[-]ci-pro-ci-ty


The compounds and derivatives follow the same rule

    * Pronounced elektricity, ekcentricity.

——————————————————————————————

                         TABLE XXXVIII.

Words in which h is pronounced before w, though written after
   it.  Thus, what, when, whisper, pronounced hwat[,] hwen,
   hwisper; that is, hooat, hooen, hooisper.

  1      whelm    whurr
whale    when      3         wher-ret
wheal    whence   wharf      wher-ry
wheat    whet       5        wheth-er
wheel    which    what       whis-ste
wheeze   whiff      9        whim-sey
while    whig     whirl      whin-ny
whilst   whim       10       whis-per
whine    whin     where      whis-tle
white    whip     whey       whith-er
why      whisk      1        whit-loe
  2      whist    whee-dle   whi-ster
whelk    whit     whi-ting   whit-tle
whelp    whiz     whi-tish   whim-per


The compounds and derivatives follow the same rule.


//I//

-----
[page image]
 p. 98

In the following, with their compounds and derivatives, w is silent.

  1       2      6
Whole   whore   who   whom   whoop   whoose

In the following with their compounds and derivatives, x is
  pronounced like gz, exact is pronounced egzact, &c.

   2               ex-an-i-mate      ex-haust
Ex-act             ex[-]as-per-ate   ex-or-bit-ant
ex-ist             aux-il[-]iary     ex-or-di-um
ex-empt              1                    5
ex-ult             ex-ile            ex-alt
ex-am-ine          ex-ude            ex-ot-ic
ex-am-ple          ex-a[-]men        ex-on-er-ate
ex-em-plar         ex-u-be-rance          2
ex-ec-u-tor              3           ex-ert
ex-em[-]pli[-]fy   ex-hort           ex-er-cent


   In most or all other words, x is pronounced like ks; except
at the beginning of Greek names, where it sounds like z.

——————————————————————————————

              TABLE XL.
The History of the Creation of the WORLD.

IN six days God made the world, and all things
that are in it.  He made the sun to shine by day;
and the moon to give light by night.  He made all
the beasts that walk on the earth, all the birds that
fly in the air, and all the fish that swim in the sea.
Each herb, & plant, & tree, is the work of his hands.
All things both great and small, that live and move,
and breathe in this wide world, to him do owe their
birth, to him their life.  And God saw that all things
he had made were good.  But as yet there was not
a man to till the ground, so God made man of the
dust of the earth, and breathed into him the breath of
life, and gave him rule over all that he had made.
And the man gave names to all the beasts of the field,
the fowls of the air, and the fish of the sea.  But

-----
p. 99

there was not found an help meet for man; so God
brought on him a deep sleep, and then took from his
side a rib, of which he made a wife, and gave her
to the man, and her name was Eve; and from these
two came all the sons of men.

   All things are known to God, and though his
throne of state be far on high, yet doth his eye look
down to use in this lower world, and see all the ways
of the sons of men.

   If we go out he marks our steps:  and when we
go in, no door can shut him from us.  While we are
by ourselves, he knows all our vain thoughts, and
the ends we aim at; and when we talk to friend
or foe, he hears our words, and views the good or
harm we do to them or to ourselves.

   When we pray he notes our zeal.  All the day
long he minds how we spend our time, and no dark
night can hide our works from him.  If we play the
cheat, he marks the fraud, and hears the least word
of a false tongue.

   He sees if our hearts are hard to the poor, or if
by alms we help their wants; if in our breast we
pine at the rich, or if we are well pleased with our
own estate.  He knows all that we do; and be we
w[h]ere we will he is sure to be with us.


The Lord who made the ear of man,
   Must needs hear all of right;
He made the eye, all things must then
   Be plain in his clear sight.
The lord doth know the thoughts of man,
   His heart he sees most plain,
And he, on high, man's thoughts doth scan,
   And sees they are but vain.
But oh! that man is safe and sure,
   Whom thou dost deep in awe;

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And that his life may be most pure,
   Dost guide him in thy law:
For he shall live in peace and rest,
   He fears not at his death;
Love fills his heart, and hope his breast,
   With joy he yields his breath.

——————————————————————————————

                   T A B L E  XLI.
Irregular words, not comprised in the foregoing Tables.

   Written.             Pronounced.
 aid-de-camp            Ade-de-cong
 a-ny                   en-ny
 ap-ro-pos              ap-pro-po
 bat-teau               bat-to
 beau                   bo
 beaux                  boze
 been                   bin
 belles-let-tres        bel-let-ter
 bu-reau                bu-ro
 bu[-]ry                ber-ry
 bu-sy                  biz-zy
 bu[-]si-ness           biz-ness
 che-vaux-de-frise      shev-o-de-freese
 co-lo-nel              cur-nel
 comp-trol-er           con-trol-er
 en[-]ten-dre           en-taun-dre
 flam-beau              flam-bo
 haut-boy               ho-boy
 isle                   ile
 isl-and                ile-and
 ma-ny                  men-ny
 o-cean                 o-shun
 port-man-teau          port-man-to
 ren-dez-vous           ren-da-voo
 right-eous             ri-chus
 says                   sez
 said                   sed
 sous                   soo
 su-gar                 shoog-ar
 vis-count              vee-count
 wo-men                 wim-in

   The compounds and derivatives follow the same rule.

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p. 101

              T A B L E  XLII.
          The DESCRIPTION of a GOOD BOY.

A GOOD Boy is dutiful to his father and mother,
obedient to his master, and loving to all his play
fellows.  He is diligent in learning his book, and takes
pleasure in improving himself in every thing that is
worthy of praise.  He rises early in the morning, makes
himself clean and decent, and says his prayers.  If he has
done a fault, he confesses it, and is sorry for it; and scorns
to tell a lie, though he might by that means conceal it.
He loves to hear good advice, is thankful to those that
give it him, and always follows it.  He never swears, nor
calls names, nor uses any ill words to his companions.
He is never peevish and fretful, but always good humored.
He scorns to steel [sic] or pilfer any thing from his play
fellows; and would rather suffer wrong than do wrong to
any of them.  He is always ready to answer when he is
asked a question, to do what he is bid, and to mind what
is said to him.  He is not a wrangler, nor quarrelsome,
and keeps himself out of all kinds of mischief, which other
boys run into.  By this means he becomes, as he grows
up, a man of sense and virtue; he is beloved and respected
by all that know him; he lives in the world with credit
and reputation, and when he dies is lamented by all his
acquaintance.

============================================================

                   T A B L E  XLIII.
                The DESCRIPTION of a BAD BOY.

A BAD Boy is undutiful to his father and mother,
disobedient and stubborn to his master, and
illnatured to all his play fellows.  He hates his book, and takes
no pleasure in improving himself in any thing.  He is sleepy
and slothful in the morning, too lazy to clean himself,
and too wicked to say his prayers.  He is always in mischief,
and when he has done a fault, will tell twenty lies
in hopes to clear himself, which is only making bad worse.
He hates that any body should give him god advice, and
when they are out of sight will laugh at them.  He swears
and wrangles, and quarrels with his companions, and is


//I 2//

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always in some dispute or other.  He will steal whatsoever
comes in his way; and if he is not catched, thinks it
no crime, not considering that God sees whatsoever he
does.  He is frequently out of humour, and sullen and
obstinate, so that he will neither do what he is bid, nor
answer a question that is asked him.  In short, he neglects
every thing that he should learn, and minds nothing but
play or mischief; by which means he becomes, as he
grows up, a confirmed blockhead, incapable of any thing
but wickedness or folly, despised by all men of sense and
virtue, and generally dies a beggar.

============================================================

                 T A B L E  XLIV.
           Proper Names of One Syllable.

ANN, Bath, Charles, Dutch, Elk, France, French,
Giles, Guy, Hague, Hugh, James, John Lyme, Luke,
Lyn, Mark, Miles, Paul, Ralph, Ruth, Saul, Tray, Tweed,
Wales, Welch.

============================================================

                     T A B L E  XLV.
Proper names of Two Syllables, the Accent on the First.

Al-bert       Cy-rus       Fish-kill
Al-fred       Dan-vers     Flo-rence
Am-brose      Dart-mouth   Flush-ing
Ar-nold       Ded-ham      Frank-ford
Ar-thur       Deer-field   Fun-dy
Au-stin       Digh-ton     Guild-ford
An-des        Der-by       Gro-ton
Ash-ley       Doug-las     God-frey
Ber-nard      Dud-ley      Gil-bert
Brad-ford     Dur-ham      God-ard
Brain-tree    E-rie        Glov-er
Brook-field   Ed-win       Ger-man
Coop-er       Eg-bert      Had-ley
Chi-li        E-gypt       Han-nah
Cas-co        En-field     Hat-field
Chi-na        E-noch       Hel-en
Con-cord      E-sau        Her-od
Clem[-]ent    Est-her      Hope-well

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[p. 103]

How-el         Mis-tik       Staf-ford
Hub[-]art      Nor-walk      Stam-ford
Hum-phry       Nor-wich      Stough-ton
Hud-son        Nor-ton       Stock-bridge
Hu-ron         Natch[-]es    Strat-ford
Ips-wich       Ox-ford       Swan-zey
Ja-cob         Ob-long       Sa-ble
Je-sus         Pal-mer       Shaw-nese
Jo-ab          Pa-trick      Tar-tar
Jo-nah         Pem-broke     Ver-non
Jo-seph        Phe-be        Ve-nice
Kings-bridge   Pitts-burg    Wal-pole
Lam-bert       Pitts-field   War-ren
Lau-rence      Plain-field   War-wick
Leop-old       Pom-fret      West-field
Lei-cester     Rich-ard      Wes-ton
Malden         Ro-bert       Wey-mouth
Mans-field     Reu-ben       Wind-sor
Med-ford       Rut-land      Wrent-ham
Med-way        Row-land      Wood-bridge
Men-don        Samp-son      Wood-stock
Mil-ford       Sand-wich     Wa-bash
Mil-ton        Say-brook     Yad-kin
Mor-gan        Shef-field    Za-dock
Mo-ses         Sha-ron       Zi-on
Mo-hawk        Schuyl-kill   Zim-ri

============================================================

                   TABLE XLVI.
Proper Names of Two Syllables, accented on the
                     Second.

Bre-ton*     Man-tauk   Bra-zil
Champlain†   Pe-dee     Car-lisle
Cham-blee†   San-tee    Chop-tank
De-troit     Pe-ru      Roan-oke
Belisle


* Bre-toon       † Ch is pronounced sh.

-----
[page image]
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    1           Jon-a-than        Eu-phra-tes
Aa-ron          Josh-u-a          E-sai-as
A-bra-ham       Jan-i-za-ry       E-ze-kiel
A-sia           Lyd-i-a           Go-li-ah
Bel-ze-bub      Laz-a-rus         Ga-la-tia
E-phraim        Leon-ard          Ga-ma-li-el
Ga-briel        Mag-da-len        Ho-se-a
I-saac          Nich-o-las        Ho-ra-tio
Mi-chael        Ol-iv-er          Jo-si-ah
Ba-laam         Phil-e-has        Ju-de-a
Ca-naan         Pal[-]es[-]tine   Je-ru-sa-lem
    2           Par-i-see         Mo-sa-ic-al
Ab-sa-lom       Reyn-old          Phi-le-mon
An-tho-ny       Ser-a-phim        Ti-be-ri-as
Af-ri-ca        Syr-i-a           Zach-e-us
Al-co-ran       Tich-ic-us            2
An-ti-och       Tim-o-thy         A-mer-i-ca
An-ti-christ    Tus-ca-ny         As-phal-ti-des
Bab-y-lon       Zach-a-ry         As-syr-i-a
Ben-ja-min          5             Bis-sex-tile
Christ-o-pher   Con-stan-tine     Ca-per-na-um
Cyp-ri-an       Dom-in-ic         E-gyp-tian
Can-a-da        Sol-o-mon         E-piph-a-ny
Dan-iel          1                Ha-bak-kuk
Ed-ward         A-chai-a          Le-vit-ic-us
Ex-o-dus        Cor-nel[-]ius     Mel-chis-e-dec
Fred-er-ic      Cy-re-ne          Na-than-iel
Greg-o-ry       Chal-da-ic        Phil-lip-pi
Gen-e-sis       Da-ri-us          Pris-cil-la
Hum-phry        Di-a-na           Pam-phil-ia
Hep-zi-bah      De-me-tri-us      Pa-lat-in-ate
Is-rael         E-li-sha          Pe-nel-o-pe
Jer-i-cho       E-li[-]jah        Su-san-na
Jes-u[-]it      E-li-as

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p. 105

Se-bas-tian      Ma-co-do-ni-a                   2
     2           Naz-a-rene               A-has-u-e-rus
A-poc-ry-pha     Ne-he-mi-ah              Ar-i-ma-the-a
Bar-thol-o-mew   Re-ho-bo-am              E-paph-ro-di-tus
Chrys[-]os-tom   Sad-du-cee               La-o-di-ce-a
Go-mor-rah       Theo-o-d-sius*                 2
Gib-ral-tar      Thy-a-ti-ra              Neb-u-chad-nez-zar
Ma-hom-et        Tra-co-ni-tis                4
Te-oph-il-us     Tran-syl-va-nia          Ar-chi-bald
Ther-mom-e-ter   Zed-e-ki-ah              Bar-na-bas
Teu-ton[-]nic       2                         4
     1           An-a-bap-tist            Da-mas-cus
An-a-ni-as       Di-o-nys-i-us*                4
Ba-al-ze-bub     Hi-e-rap-o-lis           A-lex-an-der
E-le-a-zar       Neb-u-zar-a-dan             4
Ethi-o-pi-a             2                 Ec-cle-si-as-tes
Hez-e-ki-ah      Ar[-]e-op-a-gus                3
Jer-e-mi-ah      Deu-ter-on-o-my          Clau-di-as
Jer-o-bo-am      E[-]qui-noc-tial
Ly-ca-o-ni-a     He[-]li-op-o-lis


   Ch in this table except in Archibald, sounds like k.

          * Pronounced The-o-do-shus, Di-o-nish-us[.]

   In almost all scripture names of the Old Testament, t retains
its propoer sound, as in Peletiah; ch sounds like k as in Chaldean,
g is generally hard before i, as in Gibeon.  The letters ai, which
represent the Hebrew ain, are generally pronounced like the first
sound of a.  In the New Testament tia and cia, are pronounced
as she, in Galatia, &c.

——————————————————————————————

              TABLE XLVIII.
Other Names of Three Syllables accented on the
                 First.

Am-a-zon       Clav-er-ak     Dor-ches-ter
Bev-er-ly      Ches-a-peak    Dan-bu-ry
Bar-ring-ton   Col-ches-ter   Eg-re-mont
Ben-ning-ton   Cher-o-kee     Ex-e-ter
Bran-dy-wine   Cov-en-try     Farm-ing-ton

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Hei-dle-berg      Leb-a-non        Scar-bo-rough
Hunt-ing-ton      Lan-sing-burg    Sen-e-ca
Haw-win-ton       Lex-ing-ton      Ston-ing=ton
Es-ki-maux        Lou-is-burg      Sun-der-land
Mer-ri-mak        Mex-i-co         Son-dis-field
Hat-e-ras         Man-ches-ter     Sims-bu-ry
In-di-a           Marl-bo-rough    Tyr-ing-ham
Is-sa-char        Mor-de-cai       Tor-ring-ton
Jef-fe-ry         Mus-co-vy        Vol-un-town
Ju-li-us          New-bu-ry        Wal-lings-ford
Ken-sing-ton      New-found-land   Weth-ers-field
Kil-lings-worth   O-kri-kok        Win-ches-ter
Lab-ra-dor        Sa-lis-bu[-]ry   Wor-thing-ton

——————————————————————————————

                   TABLE XLIX.
Proper Names of Three Syllables, accented on the Second.

Ber-mu-da     Ti-o-ga      O-ge-chee
Ca-taw-ba     Wi-om-ing    O-hi-o
Os-we-go      Hen-lo-pen   Me-soo-ri
Che-buk-to    Pe-tux-ent   Ken-tuck-y
Pe-nob-scot   Pe-taps-ko   Mi-am-ee
E-so-pus      Po-to-mak    Se-tak-et
Sko-har-ry    E-dis-to     Wa-to-ga

The principal Accent is on the last Syllable, and the
           half accent on the First.

Mon-tre-al    Con-ga-ree   Ma-gel-lan
I-ro-quois    Cick-e-saw   Par-a-quay
Mi-chi-gan*   Wa-ter-ee    Trin-i-dad
Gen-e-see     Il-le-nois   Su-ri-nam
Ken-ne-bek    Da-ri-en     O-ro-noke


*Ch pronounced sh.

——————————————————————————————

                         TABLE L.
Proper Names of Four and Five Syllables, accented on the Second.

Eu-ro-pe-an    Pis-cat-a-qua
Ma-mar-o-nek   Ske-nec-ta-dy
On-ta-ri-o     Wi-com-i-ca

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p. 107

Accented on the Third and First.

Al-le-ga-ny      Car-tha-ge-na
Ap-po-mat-toks   Tus-ke-ro-ra
Con-e-sto-ga     Sus-que-han-nah
Ni-a-ga-ra       Nar-ra-gan-set
Rap-pa-han-nok   Lou-i-sa-na
Sar-a-to-ga      Ap-a-lach-i-an
O-non-da-ga      A-lex-an-dri-a
Cah-no-wa-ga


Accented on the Fourth and First.

Ti-con-de-ro-ga   Mich-il-i-mak-i-nak
Sa-ga-da-hok

——————————————————————————————

T A B L E  LI.
Of Numbers.

Fig'res.   Let'rs.   Names.   Numerical Adjectives.
   1         I        one             first
   2         II       two             second
   3         III      three           third
   4         IV       four            fourth
   5         V        five            fifth
   6         VI       six             sixth
   7         VII      seven           seventh
   8         VIII     eight           eighth
   9         IX       nine            ninth
   10        X        ten             tenth
   11        XI       eleven          eleventh
   12        XII      twelve          twelfth
   13        XIII     thirteen        thirteenth
   14        XIV      fourteen        fourteenth
   15        XV       fifteen         fifteenth
   16        XVI      sixteen         sixteenth
   17        XVII     seventeen       seventeenth
   18        XVIII    eighteen        eighteenth
   19        XIX      nineteen        nineteenth
   20        XX       twenty          twentieth
   21        XXI      twenty one      twenty first
   22        XXII     twenty two      twenty second
   30        XXX      thirty          thirtieth
   31        XXXI     thirty one      thirty first
   40        XL       forty           fortieth

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   50        L        fifty           fiftieth
   60        LX       sixty           sixtieth
   70        LXX      seventy         seventieth
   80        LXXX     eighty          eightieth
   90        XC       ninety          ninetieth
   100       C        one hundred     one hundredth
   200       CC       two hundred     two hundredth
   300       CCC      three hundred   three hundredth
   400       CCCC     four hundred    four hundredth
   500       D        five hundred    five hundredth
   600       DC       six hundred     six hundredth
   700       DCC      seven hundred   seven hundredth
   800       DCCC     eight hundred   eight hundredth
   900       DCCCC    nine hundred    nine hundredth, &c.
   1000      M        one thousand
   1800      MDCCC    One thousand eight hundred.

   N. B. In all numerical adjectives, th has its proper sound, as
in think.

============================================================

                  T A B L E  LII.
Words, the same in Sound, but different in Spelling and
                  Signification.
   N. B. Roman letters are silent, except s.

AIL, to be troubled         Base, vile
   Ale, malt liquor         Bass, in music
   Air, an element              Beer, a liquor
   Are, plural of is or am      Bier, to carry the dead
   Heir, to an estate       Ber-ry, a small fruit
All, the whole              BU-RY, to inter the dead
Awl, an instrument              Beat, to strike
   Al-tar, for sacrifice        Beet, a root
   al-ter, to change        Blew, did blow
Ant, a Pismire              Blue, colour
Aunt, uncle's wife              Boar, a male swine
   As-cent, steepness           Bore, to make a hole
   As-sent, an agreement    Bolt, for a door
Au-ger, an instrument       Boult, to sift
Au-gur, one who foretells       Bow, to bend
   Bail, surety                 Bough, a branch
   Bale, a pack of goods    Bow, to shoot with
Ball, a round substance     Beau, a gay fellow
Bawl, to cry aloud              Bred, brought up
   Bare, naked                  Bread, food
   Bear, to suffer          Bur-row, for Rabbits
   Bear, a beast            Bur-rough, a town corporate

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p. 109

By, a particle                       Dew, from Heaven
Buy, to purchase                     Due, owed
   Cain, a man's name                   Die, to expire
   Cane, a shrub or staff               Dye, to colour
Call, to cry out                     Doe, a female deer
Caul, of a wig, or bowels            Dough, bread unbaked
   Can-non, a large gun                 Dun, brown colour
   Can-on[,] a rule                     Done, performed
Can vass, to examine                 Fane, a weather cock
Can vas, coarse cloth                Fein, gladly
   Ceil-ing, of a room                  Feign, to dissemble
   Seal-ing, setting of a seal       Faint, weary
Cell, a hut                          Feint, a false march
Sell, to dispose of                     Fair, comely
   Cen-tu ry, a hundred years           Fare, food, customary duty, &c.
   Cen tau-ry[,] an herb             Fel-lon, a whitlow
Chol-er, wrath                       Fel-on, a crimminal [sic]
Col lar, for the neck                   Flea, an insect
   Cord, a small rope                Flee, to run away
   Chord, in music                      Flour, of wheat
Ci-on, a young shoot                    Flow-er, of the field
Si-on, a mountain                    Fourth, in number
   Cite, to summon                   Forth, abroad
   Sight, seeing                        Foul, nasty
   Site, situation                      Fowl, a bird
Chron-ic-al[,] of long continuance   Gilt, with gold
Chron-i-cle, a history               [G]uilt, crime
   Course, order, or direction          Grate, for coals
   Coarse, not fine                     Great, large
Com-ple-ment, a full number          Groan, to sigh
Com-pli-ment, expression of          Grown, increased
     civility.                          Hail, to salute, or frozen drops
   Cous-in, a relation                      of rain
   Coz-en, to cheat                     Hale, to salute, sound, healthy
Coun-cil, an assembly                Hart, a beast
Coun-sel, advice                     Heart, the seat of life
   Cur-rant, a berry                    Hare, an animal
   Cur-rent, passing or a stream        Hair, of the head
Cour-i-er, a messenger               Here, in this place
Cur-ri-er, a dresser of leather      Hear, to hearken
   Deer, a wild animal                  Hew, to cut
   Dear, of great price                 Hue, colour

//K//

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Him, that man                            Made, finished
Hymn, a sacred song                      Maid, an unmarried woman
   Hire, wages                        Main, the chief
   High-er, more high                 Mane, of a horse
Heel,  of the foot                       Male, the he kind
Heal, to cure                            Mail, armour, or a packet
   I, myself                          Man-ner, mode, or custom
   Eye, organ of sight                Man-or, a lordship
Isle, an island                          Meet, to come together
He, of a church                          Meat, flesh
   In, within                            Mete, measure
   Inn, a tavern                      Mite, an insect
In-dite, to compose                   Might, strength
In-dict, to prosecute                    Met-al[,] gold or silver
   Kill, to slay                         Met-tle, briskness
   Kiln, of brick                     Naught, bad
Knave, a dishonest man                Nought[,] none
Nave, of a wheel                         Nay, no
   Knight, by honor                      Neigh, as a horse
   Night[,] the evening                  Oar, to row with
Know, to be acquainted                Ore[,] metal not separated
No, not so                               Oh, alas
   Knoew, did know                       Owe, to be indebted
   New, not old                       One, in number
Knot, made by tying                   Won, past time or win
Not, denying                             Our, belonging
   Lade, to dip water                     Hour, sixty minutes
   Laid, placed                       Pale, wanting colour
Lain, did lie                         Pail, a vessel
Lane, a narrow passage                   Pain, torment
   Leek, a root                          Pane, a square of glass
   Leak, to run out                   Peel, the outside
Les-son, a reading                    Peal, upon the bells
Les-sen, to diminish                     Pear, a fruit
   Li-ar, a teller of lies               Pare, to cut off
   Lyre, a harp                       Plain, even or level
Led, did lead                         Plane, to make smooth
Lead, heavy metal                        Plate[,] a flat piece of metal
   Lie, a falsehood also to rest on      Plait, a fold in a garment
      a bed                           Pray, to implore
   Lye, water drained through         Prey, booty
      ashes,                             Prin-ci-pal, chief
Lo, behold                               Prin-ci-ple, first rule
Low, humble

-----
p. 111

Proph-et, a foreteller                   So, thus
Prof-it, advantage                       Sow, to scatter
   Peace, tranquility                 Sum, the whole
   Piece, a part                      Some, particle
Rain, falling water                      Sun, a fountain of light
Rein, of a bridle                        Son, a Male child
Reign, to rule                        Sore, an ulcer
   Red, colour                        Soar, to mount up
   Read, did read                     Stare, to look earnestly
Reed, a shrub                         Stair, a step
Read, to peruse                       Steel, hrd metal
Rest, ease                            Steal, to take away without liberty
Wrest, to fore                           Straight, not crooked
   Rice, a sort of corn                  Strit, narrow
   Rise, origin                       Suc-cor, help
Rye, a sort of grain                  Suck-er, a yung twig
Wry, crooked                             Sleight, dexterity
   Ring, to sound                        Slight, to despise
   Wring[,] to twist                  Soal, of the foot
Rite, ceremony                        Soul, spirit
Right, just                              Tax, a rate
Write, to f[or]m letters with a pen      Tacks, small nails
Wright, a workman                     Tale, a story
   Rode, did ride                     Tail, the end
   Road, the highway                     Tare, weight allowed
Roe, a deer                              Tear, to rend
Row, a rank                           Team, of cattle or horses
   Ruff, a neckcloth                  Teem, to go with young
   Rough, not smooth                     Their, belonging to them
Sail, of a ship                          There, in that place
Sale, selling                         The, a particle
   Seen, beheld                       Thee, yourself
   Scene, of a stage                     Too, likewise
See, to behold                           Two, twice one
Sea, the ocean                        Tow, to drag after
   Sent, ordered away                 Toe, of a foot
   Scent, small                          Vale, a valley
Se-ni-or, elder.                         Veil, a covering
Seign-nor, a Lord                     Vein, for the blood
   Shore, side of a river             Vane, to shew the course of the
   Shoar, a prop                         wind
Sink, to go down                      Vice, sin
Cinque, five                          Vise, a screw

-----
[page image]
 p. 112

Wait, to carry                     Weigh, to poise
Weight, heaviness               Week, seven days
   Wear, to put on              Weak, not strong
   Ware, merchandise               Wood, trees
   Were, past time plu. of am      Would, was willing
Waste, to spend                 You, plural of thee
Waist, the middle               Yew, a tree
   Way, road

   In this table I have omitted several words which are found in
Dilworth and Fenning; either because the English differs from
the American pronunciation, or because they have inserted words
together as nearly the same in sound, which may lead into error.
For instance, the words consort and concert are placed together
in Dilworth, and they are commonly pronounced alike; but it is
an offence against propriety, and I choose to admit no words but
such as sound exactly alike.

——————————————————————————————

TABLE LIII.
OF ABBREVIATIONS.

                                 Ep. Epistle
A. B. Batchelor of Arts          Eng. English
A. D. in the year of our Lord    Eph. Ephesians
A. M. Master of Arts, before     Esa. Esaias
   noon, or in the year of the   Ex. Example, or Exodus
   world.                        Feb. February
Bart. Baronet                    Fr. France, or Francis
B. D. Batchelor of Divinity      F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal
C. or Cent. an hundred                Society
Capt. Captain                    Gal. Galatians
Col. Colonel                     Gen. Genesis
Cant. Canticles                  Gent. Gentlemen
Chap. Chapter                    Geo. George
Chron. Chronicles                G. R. George the King
Co. Company                      Heb. Hebrews
Com. Commissioner                Hon. Honorable
Cr. Credit                       Hun. Hundred
Cwt. Hundred weight              Ibidem. Ibid. in the same place
D. D. Doctor of Divinity         Isa. Isaiah
Dr. Doctor, or Debtor            i. e. that is
Dec. December                    Id. the same
Dep. Deputy                      Ja. James
Deut. Deuteronomy                Jac. Jacob
Do. or Ditto, the same           Josh. Joshua
e. g. for example                K. King
Eccl. Ecclesiastes               Km. Kingdom

-----
p. 113

Kt. Knight                     P. M. Afternoon
L. Lord, or Lady               P. S. Postscript
Lev. Leviticus                 Ps. Psalm
Lieut. Lieutenant              Q. Question, Queen
L. L. D. Doctor of Laws        q. d. as if he should say
L. S. the place of the Seal    q.l. as much as you please
Lond. London                   Regr. Register
M. Marquis                     Rev. Revelation, Reverend
M. B. Batchelor of Physic      Rt. Hon. Right Honourable
Mr. Master                     S. South and Shilling
Messrs. gentlemen, Sirs        St. Saint
Mrs. Mistress                  Sept[.] September
M. S. Manuscript               Serj. Serjeant
M. S. S. Manuscripts           S. T. P. Professor or Divinity
Mat. Mathew                    S. T. D. Doctor of Divinity
Math. Mathematics              ss. To wit, namely.
N. B. take particular notice   Teho. Theophilus
Nov. November                  Tho. Thomas
No. Number                     Thess. Thessalonians
N. S. New style                V. or vide, see
Obj. Objection                 Viz. to wit, namely
O. S. Old style                Wm. William
Parl. Parliament               Wp. Worship
Per cent. by the hundred       &. and
Pet. Peter                     &c. and so forth
Phil. Philip                   U. S. A. United States of
Philom. a lover of learning            America

——————————————————————————————

                   TABLE LIV.
Names of the principal Kingdoms and States of Europe.

 Kingdoms.   Capital Cities.   No. of Inhabitants.
Eng-land        Lon-don               7,000,000
Scot-land       E-din-burgh           2,000,000
Ire-land        Dub-lin               2,200,000
France          Par-is                24,000,000
Spain           Mad-rid               11,000,000
Por-tu-gal      Lis-bon               2,000,000
Flan-ders       Brus-sels             1,600,000
I-ta-ly         Rome                  16,000,000
Sar-di-nia      Cag-li-a-ri, Tu-rin   2,000,000
Swit-zer-land   Bern                  2,000,000


*Including several republics, as well as the Pope's dominions

//K 2//

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 p. 114

 Kingdoms.   Capital Cities[.]   No. of Inhabitants.
Bo-he-mi-a     Prague                3,000,000
Hun-ga-ry      Pres-burgh            2,500,000
Nor-way        Ber-gen        }
Den-mark       Co[-]pen-ha-gen}      2,444,000
Swe-den        Stock-holm
Rus-sia        Pe-ters-burgh         1,500,000
Prus-sia       Ber-lin               24,000,000
Po-land        War-saw               6,000,000
Tur-key†       Con-stan-ti-no-ple     9,000,000

   †In Europe.

——————————————————————————————

                 ISLANDS OF THE WEST INDIES.
S. stands for Spanish; F. for French; E. for English; D. for
                 Dutch; Dan. for Danish; [sic]

Cu-ba                 S.     St. Vin-cent's   E.
His-pan-i-o-la        F.     St. Mar-tin's    E.
Ja-mai-ca*            E.     St. Lu-cia††     F.
An-ti-gua†            E.     To-ba-go         E.
Bar-ba-does           E      Ne-vis           E.
Mar-ti-ni-co‡         F.     Gren-a-da        E.
Por-to-ri-co}         S.     Ber-mu-da        E.
Dom-i-ni-co }§         E.     An-guil-la       E.
Gua-da-loupe¶         F.     Mont-se-rat      E.
Eu-sta-tia            D.     Cur-ra-coe‡[‡]   D.
St. Croix**           Dan.   St. Pierre       F.
St. Chris-to-pher's   E.     Mi-que-lon§§     F.
Ba-ha-ma              E.     St. Tho-mas      Dan.

   * Pronounced Jamaca.  † Antega.  ‡ Martineeko.  ‡ Domineeko
Porto Reeko.  ¶ Guadaloop.  ** Santa Cruse.  †† St. Lucee.
‡‡ Curreso.  §§ Miqueloon.

============================================================

   PROVINCES IN NORTH AMERICA.

Provinces.         Principal Towns.
 Can-a-da            Que-bec              E.
 No-va Sco-tia       Hal-i-fax            E.
 East Flo-ri-da      St. Au-gus[-]tine*   S.
 West Flo-ri-da      Pen-sa-co-la         S.

         * Augusteen.

============================================================

               TABLE LV.
     THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

States.           Capital Towns.   Inhabitants.
New-hamp-shire     Ports-mouth       141,885
Mas-sa-chu-setts   Bos-ton           475,027

-----
p. 115

States.             Capital Towns.   Inhabitants.
Rhode-Island        New-port           68,825
Con-nec-ti-cut      Hart-ford          237,946
New-York            New-York           340,120
New-Jer-sey         Tren-ton           184,139
Pen-syl-va-ni-a     Phi-la-del-phi-a   434,373
Del-a-ware          New-Cas-tle        59,094
Ma-ry-land          Bal-ti-more        319,728
Vir-gin-i-a         Rich-mond          747,610
North Ca-ro-li-na   New-bern           393,751
South Ca-ro-li-na   Charles-ton        249,073
Geor-gi-a           Sa-va[-]nah        82,548
Ver-mont            Ben-ning-ton       85,539
Ken-tuc-ky          Lex-ing-ton        73,077
Ten-es-see          Knox-ville         60,000

                     NEW-HAMPSHIRE.
Counties.—Rock-ing-ham, Hils-bo-rough, Stat-ford, Che-shire,
                       Graf-ton.

     MASSACHUSETTS.
Counties.     Capital Towns.
Suf-folk           Bos-ton
Nor-folk           Ded-ham
Es-sex             Sa-lem
Mid-dle-sex        Cam-bridge
Hamp[-]shire       Spring-field, and North-amp-ton
Plym[-]outh        Plym-outh
Barn-sta-ble       Barn-sta-ble
Bris-tol           Taun-ton
York               York
Dukes-Coun-ty      Ed-gar-ton
Nan-tuck-et        Sher-burne
Worce-ster         Worce-ster
Cum[-]ber[-]land   Port-land
Lin-coln           Pow-nal-bo-rough
Berk-shire         Great-Bar-ring-ton
Han-cock           Pe-nob-scot
Wash-ing-ton       Ma-chi-as

       RHODE-ISLAND.
Counties.          Capital Towns.
New-port           New-port
Wash[-]ing[-]ton   South-King-ston
Pro-vi-dence       Pro-vi-dence
Kent               East-Green-wich
Bris-tol           Bris-tol

-----
[page image]
 p. 116

Counties.     Capital Towns.
Hart-ford      Hart-ford
New Ha-ven     New Ha-ven
New Lon-don    New Lon-don
Wind-ham       Wind-ham
Fair-field     Fair-field
Litch-field    Litch-field
Mid-dle-sex    Mid-dle-town
Tol-and        Tol-and

         NEW-YORK.
Counties.        Capital Towns.
New-York          The City
Rich-mond         Rich-mond
King's-coun-ty    Flat-bush
Queen's-coun-ty   Ja-mai-ca
Suf-folk          South-hold
Al-ba-ny          Al-ba-ny
West Ches-ter     West Ches-ter
Or-ange           Go-shen
Ul-ster           King-ston
Duch-ess          Pough-keep-sie*
Mont-go-me-ry     John-stown
Wash-ing-ton      Sa-lem
Co[-]lum-bi-a     Clav-er-ak
Clin-ton          Platts-burg
Scho-hary-ry      Scho-ha-ry
Ot-se-go          Coop-er's Town
Her-ke-mer        Whites-town
On-ta-rio         Can-an-dar-qua
Rens-se-laer      Troy
Ti-o-ga           New-town
Steu-ben          Bath
On-on-da-go       Cip-i-o

* Pronounced Pokepse.

       NEW-JERSEY.
Counties.      Capital Towns.
Ber-gen        Ber-gen
Mid-dle-sex    Am-boy
Es-sex         New-ark
Som-er-set     Prince-ton
Mon-mouth      Free-hold
Mor-ris        Mor-ris-town
Cum-ber-land   Bridge-town

-----
p. 117

Counties.      Capital Towns.
Sus-sex        New-ton
Bur-ling-ton   Bur-ling-ton
Glouce-ster    Had-don-field
Sa-lem         Sa-lem
Hun-ter-don    Tren-ton
Cape May

       PENNSYLVANIA.
Counties.           Capital Towns.
Phi-la-del-phi-a    Phi-la-del-phia
Ches-ter            West Ches-ter
Bucks               New-town
Lan-cas-ter         Lan-cas-ter
York                York
Cum-ber-land        Car-lisle
Berks               Read-ing
North-amp-ton       Eas-ton
Bed-ford            Bed-ford
North-um-ber-land   Sun-bu-ry
West-more-land      Greens-burg
Wash-ing-ton        Wash-ing-ton
Frank-lin           Cham-bers-ton
Dau-phin            Har-ris-burgh
Fay-ette            Un-ion
Lu-zerne            Wilks-barre
Mont-go-me-ry       Nor-ris-town
Del-a-ware          Ches-ter
Miff-lin            Lew-is-burgh
Hunt-ing-don        Hunt-ing-don
Al-le-ga-ny         Pitts-burgh

        DELAWARE.
Counties.     Capital Towns.
New Cas-tle   New Cas-tle
Kent          Do-ver
Sus-sex       Lew-is-town

                          MARYLAND.
   Counties.  Worcester, Somerset, Dorchester, Talbot, Queen
Ann's, Kent, Caroline, Cecil, Washington, St. Mary's Charles,
Prince George, Montgomery, Frederick, Anne Arundle, Baltimore,
Hartford, Calvert, Allegany.

                          VIRGINIA.
   Counties.—Amherst, Henrico, Richmond, Ohio, Prince William,
Charlotte, Pendleton, James City, Northumberland, Nansemond,
Buckingham, King and Queen, Stafford, Mecklenburgh,

-----
[page image]
 p. 118

Louisa, Dinwiddie, Essex, York, Prince, Edward, Fairfax, Goochland,
Culpepper, Cumberland, Brunswick, Fauquier, Middlesex,
Warwick, Caroline, Southampton, Botetourt, Spottylvania, Norfolk,
Amelia, Elizabeth City, Shanandoah, Monongahela, Bedford,
Randolph, Rockingham, Loudon, Frederick, Montgomery, Halifax,
Rockbridge, Northampton, Prince George, Hampshire, Augusta,
Berkley, Greenbrier, Pittsylvania, Surry, Accomack, Westmoreland[,]
Washington, Charles City, Isle of Wight[,] Hanover,
King George, Gloucester, Fluvanna, Princess Ann, Albermarle,
New Kent, Lunenberg, Sussex, Lancaster, Powhatan, Orange,
Henry, Chesterfield, Russel, Hardy, King William, Campbell,
Franklin, Greensville, Harrison.

                             KENTUCKY.
 Counties.    Capital Towns.   Counties.   Capital Towns.
Jef-fer-son   Lou-is-ville     Mad-i-son
Fay-ette      Lex-ing-ton      Lin-coln
Bour-bon      Wood-ford
Mer[-]cer     Dan-ville        Ma-son
Nel-son       Beards-town      Wash-ing-ton

                         NORTH CAROLINA.
           This State is divided into Eight Districts.

   1.  EDENTON.  Counties—Currituck, Camden, Pasquetanl,
Perquimons, Chowan, Gates, Herford, Bertie, Tyrrel.

   2.  HALIFAX[.]  Counties.—Northampton, Halifax, Franklin,
Warren, Nash, Edgecomb, Martin.

   3.  NEWBERN.  Counties.—Craven, Dobbs, Johnston, Pitt,
Beaufort, Carten, Jones, Wayne, Hyde.

   4.  WILMINGTON[.]   Counties—Onslow, New-Hanover,
Brunswick, Bladen, Duplin.

   5.  HILLSBOROUGH.  Counties—Granville, Caswell, Orange,
Wake, Randolph, Chatham.

   6.  MORGAN.  Counties—Burke, Wilks, Rutherford, Lincoln.

   7.  SALISBURY.  Counties—Rowan, Mecklenburgh, Guildford[,]
Surry, Montgomery, Iredell, Rockingham, Stokes.

   8.  FAYETTE.  Counties—Cumberland, Fayetteville, Moore,
Richmond, Robeson, Samson, Anson.

                            SOUTH CAROLINA.
                  This State is divided into Seven Districts.
   1.  NINETY SIX.  Counties—Abbeville, Edgefield, Pendleton,
Greenville, Union, Newburn, Laurens, Spartenburg.

   2.  CAMDEN.  Counties.—Clarendon, Fairfield, Claremont,
Richland, Lancaster, York, Chester.

   3.  CHERAWS.  Counties—Marlborough Chesterfield, Darlington.

-----
p. 119

   4.  GEORGETOWN.  Counties—Winyaw, Williamsburgh,
Kingston, Liberty.

   5.  CHARLESTON.  Counties—Charleston, Washington,
Marion, Berkeley, Dorchester, Creek, Bartholomew, Colleton.

   6.  BEAUFORT.  Counties—Hilton, Lincoln, Shrewsbury,
Granville.

   7.  ORANGESBURGH.  Counties—Lewisburgh, Lexington,
Orange, Winter.

                       GEORGIA.
Counties.      Capital Towns.     Counties.    Capital Towns.
Chat-ham       Sa-van-nah        Green          Greens-burgh
Ef-fing-ham    Eb-en-e-zer       Wash-ing-ton   Gol-phin-ton
Burke          Waynesborough     Li-ber-ty      Sun-bu-ry
Rich-mond      Au-gus-ta         Glyn           Bruns-wick
Wilkes         Wash-ing-ton      Cam-den        St. Pa-tricks
Frank-lin      Bour-gon          on the Missisippi, unsettled.


Explanation of the pauses and other characters used in writing.

   A Comma (,) is a pause of one syllable.  A Semicolon (;) two.
A Colon (:) four.  A Period (.) six.  An Interrogation
point (?) shows when a question is asked; as, Whom do you see?
An Exclamation point (!) is a mark of wonder or surprise; as,
   O the folly of sinners!  The pause of these two points is the same
as a colon or period; and the sentence should usually be closed
with a raised tone of voice.

   () A Parenthesis includes a part of a sentence, which is not
necessary to make sense, and should be read quicker, and in a
weaker tone of voice.

   [] Brackets or Hooks, include words that serve to explain a
foregoing word or sentence.

   - A Hyphen joins words or syllables; as, window-glass.

   ' An Apostrophe shows when a letter is omitted; as us'd for
used.

   ^ A Carat shows where a word or number of words are omitted
                                my
through mistake; as, as this is   book.
                                ^

   “ A Quotation or double comma, includes a passage that is
taken from some other author in his own words.

   pointing hand The Index points to some remarkable passage.

   ¶ The Paragraph begins a new subject.

   § The Section is used to divide chapters.

   * † ‡ || An Asterisk, and other references, point to a note in the
margin or bottom of a page.

-----
[page image]
[p. 120]

                             A SHORT INTRODUCTION
                                       TO
                                    GRAMMAR:
                   BEING AN ABRIDGEMENT OF THE SECOND PART OF THE INSTITUTE.

                                     —-+—-

                                   OF GRAMMAR.

   Q. WHAT is Grammar?

   A. Grammar is the art of expressing thoughts by words with
propriety and dispatch.

   Q. What are the elements of language?

   A. Letters, which compose words.

   Q. What does English Grammar teach?

   A. The true principles and idioms* of the English Language.


                      OF WORDS.
   Q. How may words be divided?

   A. Into six classes or parts of speech:  nouns, articles, pronounces,
adjectives, verbs, abbreviations.


                      OF NOUNS.
   Q. What is a noun?

   A. The name of any person, place, or thing; as, John,
Hartford, paper.

   Q. How are nouns divided?

   A. Into proper names, which are limited to particular persons,
places, &c. as, Boston, Thomas, Potomak; and common names,
which belong to sorts of things; as birds, books.

   Q. How is the signification of common nouns restrained or
limited?

   A. By the two little words a and the called articles.

   [Q]. Explain the use of each.

   A. A confines the name to a single thing, but leaves it
uncertain which is meant; as, a tree.  The is used when the
particular thing or things mentioned are supposed to be known; as, the
twelve tribes.

   Q. How many numbers are there?

   A. Two, the singular and the plural.  The singular speaks of
one:  as, book:  the plural of more; as, books.


   * Idioms are modes of speaking or writing, which are
peculiar to a language.

-----
p. 121

   Q. How is the plural formed?

   A. By adding s or es to the singular; as paper, papers, fox,
foxes.

   Q. What exceptions are there to this rule?

   A. Some nouns, in which f is changed into v in the plural; as,
life, wife; lives, wives.  Some in which y is changed into ies;
as, vanity, vanities; and some more irregular words; as; man
men; foot, feet.

   Q. What cases are there in English?

   A. The nominative, which usually stands before a verb; as, the
boy writes:  the possessive, which takes an s with a comma, and
denotes property; as, John's hat:  the objective, which follows a
verb or preposition; as, he honours virtue, or, it is an honour to
him.

   Q. How many genders are there?

   A. There are two genders, the masculine which comprehends
all males; and the feminine which comprehends all females.—
Things without life have no gender.

   Q. How are the different genders expressed?

   A. Generally by the ending ess; as, actress, heiress:  sometimes
by he and she; as, a he goat, a she-goat:  sometimes by man and
maid; as, a man-servant, a maid-servant.  Sometimes the
feminine ends in ix; as executrix.


                         OF PRONOUNS.
   Q. What is a pronoun?

   A. A small word that stands for a noun; as, “This is a man
of worth; treat him with respect."  The pronoun him supplies
the place of man.

   Q. Which are called the personal pronouns?

   A. I, thou, he, she; we, ye or you, they.  1st. The person
speaking calls himself I.  2d. The person spoken to is called thou.
3d. The person spoken of is called if a male, he—if a female she;
when a thing is spoken of, it is called it.  The plural of I is we;
the plural of thou is ye or you—the plural of he, she or it, is they.

   Q. What difference is there in the use of ye and you?

   A. Ye is used in the solemn style—you in common discourse;
you is also used, in familiar language, for thou, which is used
principally in the addresses to the Deity.

   Q. How do these pronouns vary in the cases?

   A. Thus:

//L//

-----
[page image]
 p. 122

                Singular.
Nominative.   Possessive.   Objective.
    I            mine           me
    thou         thine          thee
    he           his            him
    she          hers           her
    it           its            it

              Plural.
    we           ours           us
    ye or you    yours          you
    they         theirs         them

   Q. What other words are called pronouns?

   A. My, thy, her, our, your, their, are all called prenominal
pronouns; because they are joined with nouns.  This, that, other,
any, some, one, none, are called definitive pronouns, because they
limit the significance of the noun to which they refer.

   Q. Are any of these varied?

   A. This, that, and other, make, in the plural, these, those, and
others.

   Q. What other pronouns are there in English?

   Q. Who, which, and what.  These are called relatives, because
they relate to some foregoing nouns:  except when they ask
questions; then they are called interrogative.  What, has the
sense of that, which; except in asking questions.

   Q. Have the relatives any variations?

   A. Who is thus varied in the cases—Nom. who—Poss. whose;
Object. whom.

   Q. What name is given to each, every, other?

   A. That of distributives; because they denote a number of
particulars, taken separately; as “There are five boys, each of whom
is able to read."

   Q. What is the use of own and self?

   A. They ar added to pronouns, to express an idea with force.
Self makes selves in the plural.


                         OF ADJECTIVES.
   Q. What is an adjective?

   A. A word which expresses some quality or circumstances of a
noun; as a wise man, a young woman, two men.

   Q. Have adjectives any variations?

   A. Adjectives, which express qualities, capable of being
increased or diminished, are varied to express comparison, thus;—wise,
wiser, wisest—cold, colder, coldest.

   Q. What are the degrees of comparison called?

   A. The positive, comparative, and superlative.  The positive

-----
p. 123

expresses the simple quality; as, wise, cold—the comparative
expresses a quality in a greater or less degree; as, wiser, colder, less
wise—the superlative expresses a quality in the greatest, or least
possible degree; as, wisest, coldest, least wise.

   Most adjectives may be compared by more and most, less and
least; as, more generous, or less generous, &c.


                            OF VERBS.
   Q. What is a verb?

   A. A part of speech, signifying action or bing.

   Q. How many kinds of verbs are there?

   A. Four; person, number, time, and mode.

   Q. How many persons are used with verbs?

   A. Three; as, in the singular number, I write, thou writest, he
writes.  In the plural, we write, ye or you write, they write.

   Q. How many times or tenses are there?

   A. Three—present past, and future.  An action may be now
doing; as, I write or am writing.  The verb is then said to be in
the present tense.  An action may have been done some time ago;
as I wrote, or have written.  The verb is then in the past
time.  When the action is yet to come, the verb is in the future
time; as I shall or will write.

   Q. What is mode in grammar?

   A. The manner of representing action or being.

   Q. How do the English express tiem and mode?

   A. Principally by the means of several words called auxiliaries
or helpers; viz. do, be, have, shall, will, may, can, should, would,
could, and must.

   Q. What are the modes?

   A. The Infinitive, the Indicative, the Imperative, and the
Subjunctive.

   Q. Explain them.

   A. The Infinitive expresses action or being, without limitation
of person or number; as, to write.

   The Indicative shows or declares an action or being; as, I write,
I am; or some circumstance of action or being; as, I can write;
I must sleep; or asks a question; as do I write?

   The Imperative commands exhorts, or prays; as, write; go;
do thou grant.

-----
[page image]
 p. 124

   The Subjunctive expresses action or being under some condition
or uncertainty; and is commonly preceded by a conjunction, adverb,
or some other word; as, if I write; though he slay me; I
wish I were in the Elysian fields.

   Q. What are participles?

   A.  They are words which are formed from verbs, and have the
nature of verbs, nouns or adjectives.

   Q. How do they end?

   A. in d, t, n, or ing.  Thus from the verbs, move, teach, write,
go—are formed the participles, moved, taught[,] written, going.

   Q. What is the use of do as a helping word?

   A. It has four uses, 1st. to express emphasis or opposition; as,
“Perdition catch my soul, but I do love thee."

   2d. To save the repetition of another verb; as, he writes better
than you do; that is better than you write.

   3d. To ask a question; as, “do they write?"

   4th. It is elegantly used in negative sentences; as, “he does
not walk."

   In all other cases, it is obsolete or inelegant.

   Q. What is the use of be and have?

   A. As helpers, they are signs of time.

   Q. What is the use of shall?

   A. In the first person it foretells; as, “I shall go; we shall
speak."

   Q. What is the use of would?

   A. In the first person it denotes a past or conditional promise, or
mere inclination.  It is often used in the present time, in declaratory
phrases; as, “I would not choose any."  In the second and 
third persons it expresses inclination, “he would not go; you
would not answer."

   Q. What is the use of should?

   A. In the first person it commonly expresses event merely; as,
I should write if I had an opportunity."

   In the second and third persons it expresses duty or obligation;
as, you should help the poor; he should go to school.

   When an emphasis is laid on should or would, it varies their
meaning.

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       The Helping Verbs are thus varied.

               Present Time.
   To do                 To have        Can
I do                 I have           I can
Thou doest or dost   Thou hast        Thou canst
He does or doth      He has or hath   He can
We do                We have          We can
Ye or you do         Ye or you have   Ye or you can
They do              They have        They can

                Past time
I did                I had            I could
Thou didst           Thou hadst       Thou couldst
He did               He had           He could
We did               We had           We could
Ye or you did        Ye or you had    Ye or you could
They did             They had         They could

              Present time
   May               Shall              Will
I may             I shall            I will
Thou mayest       Thou shalt         Thou wilt
He may            He shall           He will
We may            We shall           We will
Ye or you may     Ye or you shall    Ye or you will
They may          They shall         They will

               Past time.
I might           I should           I would
Thou mightest     Thou shouldst      Thou wouldst
He might          He should          He would
We might          We should          We would
Ye or you might   Ye or you should   Ye or you would
They might        They should        They would
             Must has no variation.

               INFINITIVE MOOD.
Present. To be      Past. To have been

           INDICATIVE MOOD.              Present Time.
I am              We are
Thou art          Ye or you are
He is             They are
I may be, &c.     I would be, &c. }
I can be, &c.     I should be, &c.}  are sometimes used
I must be, &c.                    }     in this tense

               Past time.
I was             We were
Thou wast         Ye or you were
He was            They were

//L 2//

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               Past time.
I have been, &c.         I must be, &c.
I had been, &c.          I could be, &c.
I might be, &c.          I would be, &c.
            I should be, &c.
I might have been, &c.   I would have been, &c.
I could have been, &c.   I should have been, &c.
I must have been, &c.    I may have been, &c.

              Future Time.
I shall be, &c.          I shall have been, &c.
I will be, &c.           I will have been, &c.

           IMPERATIVE MODE.
   Be thou, or           Be ye or you
   Do thou be            Do ye or you be

             SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
             Present Time.
If I am, &c.         If we are, &c.
   I were              We were
   Thou wert           Ye or you were
   He were             They were
If I may be, &c.     If I could be, &c.
   I can be, &c.       I would be, &c.
   I must be, &c.      I might be, &c.
 The auxiliary is some times omitted, If I be, &c.

              Past Time.
If I was, &c.          If I could have been, &c.
   I have been, &c.       I would have been, &c.
   I had been, &c.        I should have been, &c.
   I could be, &c.        I must have been, &c.
   I might be, &c.
   I would be, &c.

   The old form of the time past, If I were, is obsolete.

            Future Time.
If I shall be, &c.     If I should be, &c.
   I will be, &c[.]

  The auxiliary is often omitted, If I be, &c.

   Add a passive particle to the foregoing, and you have a
combination of words, answering to the passive verb of the Greeks and
Romans; “I am loved, I was loved."

       PRINCIPAL VERBS.
INFINITIVE.   To write.   To love.

               INDICATIVE.
             Present Time.
I write—love            We write—love
Thou writest—lovest     Ye or you write—love

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p. 127

He writes—loves         They write—love
   writeth—loveth

              Past time.
I wrote—loved           We       }
Thou wrotest—lovedst    Ye or you}  wrote, loved
He wrote—loved          They     }

             Future Time.
I shall or will   } write    We shall or will       } write
Thou shalt or wilt} or       Ye or you shall or will} or
He shall or will  } love     They shall or will     } love

            IMPERATIVE MODE.
Write thou, or           Write ye or you
Write                    Write
Love thou                Love ye or you
Love                     Love

   The foregoing inflections are all which it is necessary the
learner should commit to memory, at least when he begins grammar.

          PARTICLES and ABBREVIATIONS.
   Q. What do grammarians call particles?

   A. All those small words which connect nouns, verbs and
sentences:  as, and, for[,] from, with, &c.

   Q. What are these words?

   A. They are mostly abbreviations or corruptions of old nouns
and verbs.

   Q. What is their use?

   A. Their great advantage is to enable us to express our thoughts
with dispatch, by saving repetitions; or by conveying several
ideas with one word.

   Q. How may the abbreviations be distributed?

   A. Into conjunctions, prepositions and adverbs.

   Q. What is the particular use of conjunctions.

   A. To connect words and sentences; as, four and three make
seven.  Thomas studies, but John does not.

   Q. Which are the conjunctions?

   A. Those most generally used are the following:  And, if, not,
either, since, unless, also, but, neither, therefore, though, else, or,
yet, because, wherefore, whether.

   Q. What is the use of prepositions?

   A. They are commonly placed before nouns or other words, to
express some relation.

   Q. Which are the particles called prepositions?

   A. These, which may stand alone and are called separable
prepositions, viz.

   A, for, till, above, before, from, until, about, behind, in, into, to,

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after, beneath, on, upon, towards, against, below, out, of, under,
among, or amongst, between, over, with, at, betwixt, thro'[,] within,
amidst, beyond, by, during, without.

   The following are used with other words, and are therefore
called inseparable prepositions:

   A, be, con, dis, mis, per, pre, re, sub, un.

   Q. What is the use of adverbs?

   A. To express circumstances of time, place and degree, &c.
   Q. Which are some of the most common adverbs?

   A. Already, alway, by and by, else, ever, enough, far, here, how,
hither, thither, whither, indeed, much, do, not, never, now, often,
perhaps, rather, seldom, then, thence, there, very, when, where,
whilst, or while, yesterday.

   Besides these, there are great numbers of others, and particularly
those formed by ly, added to the adjectives—honest, honestly.

   Q. What do we call such words as alas, oh, fie, pish, &c.

   A. Interjections.  These sounds do not constitute any part of
language.  They are merely expressions of passions which are
sudden and irregular.

                             SENTENCES.
   Q. What is a sentence?

   A. A sentence is a number of words, ranged in proper order,
and making complete sense[.]

   Q. What does the formation of sentences depend on?

   A. On agreement and government.

   Q. What is agreement?

   A. When one word stands connected with another word, in the
same number, case, gender, and person.

   Q. What is government?

   A. It is when one word causes another to be in some case or mode.

                              R U L E.  I.
   A verb must agree with its nominative case, in number and person.

                      E X A M P L E S.
   In the solemn style:  Thou readest; he readeth; ye read.

   In the familiar style:  I go; he goes; we go; you go.

                          R U L E II.
   Two or more nouns singular, connected by a copulative
conjunction, must have verbs, pronouns and nouns, agreeing with
them in the plural number.

                      E X A M P L E S.
   1. Envy and vanity are detestable vices.
   2. Brutush and Cassius were brothers:  They were friends to
Roman liberty.

                          R U L E  III.
   Nouns of multitude, though they are in the singular number

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p. 129

may have a verb and pronoun, agreeing with them either in the
singular or plural.

   Examples.  The assembly is or are very numerous; they are
very much divided.  “My people is or are foolish; they have
not known me."  The company was or were noisy.

   Rule IV.  An adjective must agree with its noun in number.
Participles in the nature of adjectives, refer to some noun, but
have no variation.

   Examples.  This man, that boy, these men, those boys, this
kind.

   Rule V.  Relatives, and pronouns must agree with their antecedent
in number, gender, and person.

   Examples. 1.  This is the boy who studies with diligence; he
will make a scholar.

   2.  The girl who sits beside you is very modest; she will be
a very amiable woman.
   
   3.  The pen which you gave me, is good; it writes very well.

   Rule VI.  If no nominative comes between the relative and
the verb,the relative is the nominative.

   Examples. This is the man who taught rhetoric.  The estates
of those who have taken arms against their country, ought to be
confiscated.  We have a constitution which secures our rights.

   Rule VII.  But if a nominative comes between the relative and
the verb, the relative is governed by the following verb of some
other word.

   Examples.  This is the man whom I esteem, whose virtues
merit distinction, and whom I am happy to oblige.

   Rule VIII.  Two nouns signifying the same thing, must be put
in the same case, and are said to be in apposition; as “Paul the
apostle."  “Alexander the conqueror."

   But if they signify different things and imply property, the
first is put in the possessive case, by adding s, separated from the
word by an apostrophe.

   Examples.  This is John's paper.  We admire a man's
courage, and a lady's virtue.

   Rule IX. Transitive verbs govern the objective case.

   Examples.  1. I admire her.  She saw him.  The scripture
directs us.

   2. Religion honors its votaries.  Shame follows vice.

                          R U L E  X.
   The answer must be in the same case as the question, it being
always governed by the verb that asks the question, though the
verb is not expressed.

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              E X A M P L E S.
       Questions.             Answers.
   Who wrote this book?     George.
   Who is this?             he
   Whom do you see?         them
   Whom do you admire?      her

   Rule XI. Prepositions govern the objective case.

   Examples.  I write for him.  Give the book to her.  Ye will
ride with them or with us.

   Rule XII.  Conjunctions connect like cases and modes.

   Examples.  You and I are both present.  He and she sit
together.  It was told to him and me.  It is disagreeable to them and
us.

   Rule XIII  The infinitive mode follows a verb, a noun or an
adjective.

   Examples.  1.  It follows a verb, as, let us learn to practise
virtue.

   2.  A noun; as you have a fine opportunity to learn.

   3.  An adjective; as, my friend is worthy to be trusted.

   Rule XIV.  A participle, with a preposition preceding it, answers
to the Latin general, and may govern an objective case.

                E X A M P L E S
 By avoiding evil,         |   By shewing him
   by doing good.          |   in observing them,
   by seeking peace; and   |   for esteeming us,
   by pursuing it.         |   by punishing them.

   Rule XV.  A nominative case, joined with a participle, often
stands independent of the sentence.  This is called the case
absolute.

   Examples.  The sun being risen, it will be warm.  They all
consenting, the vote was passed.  “Jesus conveyed himself away,
a multitude being in that place."

   Rule XVI.  An adverb must always stand near the word which
it is designed to affect or modify.

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p. 131

                  ADDITIONAL LESSONS.

   The Three little Boys and their three Cakes.

I WILL tell you a story.—There was a little boy
whose name was Harry; and his papa and mamma
sent him to school.  Now Harry was a clever fellow, and
loved his book; and got to be first in his class.  So his
mamma got up one morning very early, and called Betty
the maid, and said, Betty, I think we must make a cake
for Harry, for he has learned his book very well.  And
Betty said, yes, with all my heart.  So they made a nice
cake.  It was very large, and stuffed full of plumbs and
sweetmeats, orange and citron; and it was iced over with
sugar; it was white and smooth on the top, like snow.
So this cake was sent to the school.  When little Harry
saw it, he was very glad, and jumped about for joy, and
he hardly stayed for a knife to cut a piece, but gnawed it
like a little dog.  So he ate till the bell rung for school,
and after school he ate again, and ate till he went to bed:
nay, his bedfellow told me that he laid his cake under his
pillow, and sat up in the night to eat some.  So he ate
till it was all gone.—But presently after, this little boy
was sick and ill:  And every body said, I wonder what is
the matter with Harry.  He used to be so brisk, and play
about more nimbly than any of the boys; and now he
looks pale and is very ill.  And somebody said, Harry
has had a very rich cake, and ate it all up very soon, and
that has made him ill.  And somebody said, Harry
has had a very rich cake, and ate it all up very soon, and 
that has made him ill.  So they sent for Dr. Camomile,
and gave him, I do not know how much bitter stuff.  Poor
Harry did not like it at all; but he was forced to take it,
or else he would have died you know.  So at last he got
well again, but his mamma said she would send him no
more cakes.

   Now there was another boy was one of Harry's
school-fellows; his name was Peter; the boys used to
call him Peter Careful.  And Peter had written his
mamma a neat pretty letter—there was not one blot in
it all.  So his mamma sent him a cake.  Now Peter thought
with himself, I will not make myself sick with this good
cake, as silly Harry did; I will keep it a good while.  So
he took the cake and tugged it up stairs.  It was very

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heavy:  he could hardly carry it.  And he locked it up
in his box, and once a day he crept slyly up stairs, and
ate a very little piece, and then locked his box again.  So
he kept it several weeks, and it was not gone, for it was
very large; but behold! the mice got into his box and
nibbled some.  And the cake grew dry and mouldy, and
at last was good for nothing at all.  So he was obliged
to throw it away, and it grieved him to the very heart,
and nobody was sorry for him.

   Well; there was another little boy at the same school,
and his name was Billy.  And one day his mamma sent
him a cake, because she loved him dearly, and he loved
her dearly.  So when the cake came, Billy said to his
school-fellows, I have got a cake, come let us go and eat
it.  So they came about him like a parcel of bees; and
Billy took a slice of cake himself, and then gave a piece
to one, and a piece to another, till it was almost gone.
Then Billy put the rest by, and said, I will eat it to-morrow.
So he went to play, and the boys all played together
very merrily.  But presently after an old blind
fiddler came into the court.  He had a long white beard;
and because he was blind he had a little dog in a string to
lead him.  So he came into the court, and sat down on
a stone, and said, my pretty lads, if you will, I will play
you a tune.  And they left off their sport, and came and
stood round him.  And Billy saw that while he played
the tears ran down his cheeks.  And Billy said, old man,
why dost thou cry?  And the old man said because I am
very hungry—I have no body to give me any dinners or
suppers—I have nothing in the world but the little dog;
and I cannot work.  If I could work, I would.  Then
Billy went, without saying a word, and fetched the rest
of his cake which he had intended to have eaten another
day; and he said, here, old man! here is some cake for
you.  The man said where is it? for I am blind, I cannot
see it.  So Billy put it into his hat.  And the fiddler
thanked him; and Billy was more glad than if he had
eaten ten cakes.

   Pray which do you love best?  Do you love Harry, or
Peter, or Billy best?

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p. 133

                   THE FOUR SEASONS.

O THAT winter could but last forever! cried little
Frank, as he came home from sliding upon the ice,
after amusing himself by making figures with the snow in
the garden.

   Mr. Goodman, his Father, hearing this exclamation,
called to him, and said, Frank, you will oblige me by writing
down that wish in my tablets.  Frank instantly obeyed,
though with a hand that was shaking with cold.

   The winter however soon passed away, and the spring
succeeded it.

   Frank walked out one morning with his father, along a
bank that was bordered with hyacinths, auriculas and
narcisses, and was almost transported with delight, while
he breathed their fragrance, and admired their freshness
and beauty.

   These, said Mr. Goodman, are the productions of spring.
They are brilliant, but they are very short lived.  Oh!
answered Frank, that it was but always spring!

   Will you write that wish in my tablet? said his father.
Frank, jumping with high spirits and joy, readily complied.

   The spring, nevertheless was soon replaced by the
summer.

   Frank, one afternoon, went out with his father and
mother, and some persons of his own age, to walk in a
neighbouring village.

   They observed, as they proceeded, the most beautiful
variety of views and objects; now they admired the
young green corn, waving lightly with the wind, like the
sea in its gentlest motion; and now a meadow enamelled
with a thousand flowers.  Now they saw little lambs
frisking and bounding on the hills; and now little chickens
were playing gambols around the hen.  They regaled
themselves with cherries, strawberries, and other fruits
of the season; and they passed the whole day in sporting
in the fields.

   Do not you find, Frank, said his father, when they
were returning home, that summer hath its pleasures?


//M//

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 p. 134

   O yes, answered Frank, how I wish it was to last the
whole year!

   This wish also, at the desire of his father, he wrote in
his tablets.

   At length came the autumn.

   All the family now went to see and enjoy the harvest.
It was not quite so hot as in summer; the air was soft,
and the sky was serene.  The waggons were loaded with
rich sheaves of golden corn, the orchards were blooming
with ripe plumbs and crimson mulberries; and the branches
of the apple-trees were bending with their fruit.

   This was a day of feast and frolick to Frank, who loved
nothing so much as green gages and rich plumbs, and
who was allowed the full enjoyment of gathering them
himself.

   This fine season, said his father to him, will soon be
over; the winter is advancing to us with great strides,
to take the place of autumn.

   O how I wish, cried Frank, that it would stop by the
road, and that the autumn would never go away from us!

   Mr. Goodman.  And should you like that, Frank.

   Frank.  That I should, I assure you, papa.

   But pray, cried his father, taking his tablets from his
pocket, look a little at what is written here.  Read it
aloud.

   Frank (reading.)  O that winter would last forever!

   Mr. Goodman.  Now look and read two or three leaves
further.

   Frank (reading.)  O that it was but always spring!

   Mr. Goodman.  Look now at this page, what do you find
there?

   Frank (reading.)  I wish that summer was to last all the
year round.

   Mr. Goodman.  Do you know the hand writing of all
this?

   Frank.  Yes, papa, it's my own.

   Mr. Goodman.  And what was it you were wishing just
now?

   Frank.  That winter would stop by the road; and autumn
never go away from us.

   Mr. Goodman.  This is really worth attention.  In

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p. 135

winter, you wished it would always be winter; in the spring
that it should always be spring; in the summer that it
should always be summer; and now to-day in the autumn,
you wish that it should always be autumn.  Do you
reflect at all upon what may be gathered from wishes so
contradictory?

   Frank.  Why I suppose, papa, that all the seasons are
good in their turn.

   Mr. Goodman.  Yes, my dear, they are all good, and
fertile in riches, and in pleasures.  God understands much 
better than we limited creatures that we are, how to
direct and govern their retreat and their approach.  Had
it depended upon you last winter, we should have seen no
more either of spring, summer or autumn.  You would
have covered the earth with a perpetual frost, and have
been a stranger to all pleasures but that of sliding upon the
ice, and of forming figures with the snow.  How many
blessings and enjoyments would you have been deprived
of by this arrangement!

   It is most fortunate for us, that it is not in our power
to regulate the course of nature.  All happiness else would
be over with us for ever, merely by the grant of our
presumptuous wishes.

============================================================

   Familiar PHRASES, and easy DIALOGUES for young
                    Beginners.

                  LESSON I.
SIR, your most humble servant.

I have the pleasure to be yours.

I hope you are very well.

I am very well, Sir, I thank you.

How do they do at your house?—They are all well.

And you Madam, how do you do?

Pretty well.  Very well.

Is all your family well?—Perfectly well.

How does your father do, your mother and your sisters?

You do them much honour; they are all in good health.

I am glad of having the pleasure to see you in good health.

I am much oblig'd to you.

Now I think on it how does your brother do?

Exceedingly well; or indifferently well.

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Does your brother go to school?

Yes, Sir, and my sisters too.

What do they learn?

They learn writing and English grammar.

I hope they make good improvement of their time.

   Their instructor tells us that they are diligent, and make
good progress in their studies.

   I am glad to hear it; I hope to have the pleasure of
seeing them at the next holy-days.

   Sir, they will be no less happy to see you.

   Farewell.  Present my most humble respects to your
parents.

   I will, Sir; and must beg you will present my compliments
to your sisters.

                             II.
   Whither are you going so early this morning?

   I am going on an errand.

   Will you stop a few minutes?

   By no means; my mamma tells me, when I go on an
errand, I must not stop a moment.

   Well, I would not have you disobey your mamma:  but
how does your brother do?

   He is very sick.

   What ails him?

   He has a fever.

   How long has he been sick?

   About nine days.

   Is he thought to be in a dangerous condition?

   Very dangerous indeed.

   What remedy does the Doctor prescribe?

   I do not know; but am in haste, and must bid you good
b'ye.

   Good b'ye.

                             III.
   Is it true that you have heard good news?

   It is true indeed.

   Do you believe what you have heard?

   I am very certain it is true.

   I think I may rely on your word.

   I would not tell a lie for all America.

   Will you drink a dish of tea?

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p. 137

   Sir, I am much oblig'd to you, I choose not to drink
any.

   What! do you not choose to drink any!

   No, Sir, I am not fond of it.

   Perhaps you like coffee better.

   No, Sir, I like chocolate.

   At what o'clock shall you prefer it.

   At eight.

                            IV.
   It is very fine weather.

   Do you believe it will rain to-day?

   The sky is very clear and serene.

   It is the finest season of the year.

   What season do you like best?

   The summer is the most agreeable.

   It is sometimes very cold in the spring.

   I do not like winter at all.

   I am obliged to attend school both winter and summer.

   How do you like your master?

   Exceedingly well; he is an agreeable man.

   Is he pleasant and good natured?

   Always so; I never saw him angry.

   Is he strict in keeping orders in the school?

   Very strict indeed.  He will not permit us to whisper
or play, or be idle a single moment.

   Does he scold and fret, and find fault at trifles?

   Not in the least.  If one breaks a law he is sure to be
punished:  But the master though he is very severe, never
appears to be in a passion.

   You esteem it a pleasure as well as an advantage to be
under the care of such a man.

   Indeed I do, and so do all in the school.  I hardly know
which we love most, the master or our books.

============================================================

            DEATH THE DESTROYER.

CHILD of mortality, whence comest thou?  Why is
thy countenance sad, and why are thine eyes red
with weeping?

   I have seen the rose in its beauty; it spread its leaves
to the morning sun—I returned, it was dying upon its


//M [2]//

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stalk! the grace of the form of its was gone; its loveliness
was vanished away; the leaves thereof, were scattered on
ground, and on one gathered them again.

   A stately tree grew on the plain; its branches was covered
with verdure; its boughs spread wide, and made a goodly
shadow; the trunk was like a strong pillar; the roots were
like crooked fangs; I returned, the verdure was nipt by the
the [sic] east wind; the branches were lopped away by the axe;
the worm had made its way into the trunk, and the heart
thereof was decayed; it mouldered away, and fell to the
ground.

   I have seen the insects sporting in the sunshine, and darting
along the streams; their wings glittered with gold and
purple; their bodies shone like the green emerald; they were
more numerous than I could count; their motions were
quicker than my eye could glance—I returned, they were
brushed into the pool; they were perishing with the evening
breeze; the swallow had devoured them; the pike had
seized them; there were none found of so great a
multitude.

   I have seen a man in the pride of his strength; his cheeks
glowed with beauty; his limbs wre full of activity—he
leaped—he-walked—he rejoiced in that he was more excellent
than those—I returned, he lay stiff and cold, on the
bare ground; his feet could no longer move, nor his hands
stretch themselves out; his life was departed from him;
and the breath out of his nost[r]ils—therefore do I weep,
because DEATH is in the world, the spoiler is among the
works of God; all that is made, must be destroyed, all that
is born, must die.

============================================================

                          Appendix.

                   A MORAL CATECHISM:
                 OR, LESSONS FOR SATURDAY.

Question.  WHAT is moral virtue?

   Answer.  It is an honest upright conduct in all our dealings with
men.

   Q.  Can we always determine what is honest and just?

   A.  Perhaps not in every instance, but in general it is not difficult.

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p. 139

   Q.  What rule have we to direct us[?]

   A.  God's word contained in the Bible has furnished all necessary
rules to direct our conduct.

   Q.  In what part of the Bible are these rules to be found?

   A.  In almost every part; but the most important duties between 
men are summed up in the beginning of Matthew, in Christ's sermon
on the mount.

                       OF HUMILITY.
   Q.  What is humility?

   A.  A lowly temper of mind.

   Q.  What are the advantages of humility?

   A.  The advantages of humility in this life are very numerous
and great.  The humble man has few or no enemies.  Every one
loves him and is ready to do him good.  If he is rich and prosperous
people do not envy him; if he is poor and unfortunate, every one
pities him, and is disposed to alleviate his distress.

   Q.  What is pride?

   A.  A lofty high-minded disposition.

   Q.  Is pride commendable?

   A.  By no means.  A modest self-approving opinion of our own
good deeds is very right.  It is natural; it is agreeable; and a
spur to good actions.  But we should not suffer our hearts to be
blown up with pride, whatever great and good deeds we have done;
for pride brings upon us the ill will of mankind and displeasure of
our Maker.

   Q.  What effect has humility in our own minds and our
happiness in this life.

   A.  Humility is attended with peace of mind and self-satisfaction.
The humble man is not disturbed with cross accidents, and is never
fretful and uneasy; nor does he repine when others grow rich.
He is happy, because his mind is at ease.

   Q.  What is the effect of pride on a man's happiness?

   A.  Pride exposes a man to numberless disappointments and
mortifications.  The proud man expects more attention and respect
will be paid him, than he deserves, or than others are willing to
pay him.  He is neglected, laughed at, and despised, and this treatment
frets him; so that his own mind becomes a seat of torment.
A proud man cannot be a happy man.

   Q.  What has Christ said respecting the virtue of humility?

   A.  He has said, “Blessed are the poor in spirit, for their's is the
kingdom of heaven."  Poorness of spirit is humility; and this humble
temper prepares a man for heaven, where all is peace and
love.

                        OF MERCY.
   Q.  What is mercy?

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   A.  It is a tenderness of heart.

   Q.  What are the advantages of this virtue?

   A.  The exercise of it tends to happify every one about us.
Rulers of a merciful temper will make their good subjects happy;
and will not torment the bad with need[l]ess severity.  Parents
and masters will not abuse their children and servants with harsh
treatment.  More love, more confidence, more happiness, will
subsist among men, and of course society will be happier.

   Q. Should not beasts as well as men be treated with mercy?

   A.  They ought indeed.  It is wrong to give needless pain even
to a beast.  Cruelty to the brutes shews a man has a hard heart;
and if a man is unfeeling to a beast, he will not have much feeling
for men.  If a man treats his beast with cruelty, beware of
trusting yourself in his power.  He will probably make a severe
master and a cruel husband.

   Q.  How does cruelty shew its effects?

   A.  A cruel disposition is usually exercised upon those who are
under its power.  Cruel rulers make severe laws, which injure the
persons and property of their subjects.  Cruel officers execute
laws in a severe manner when it is not necessary for public good.
A cruel husband abuses his wife and children.  A cruel master
acts the tyrant over his apprentices and servants.  The effects
of cruelty are hatred, quarrels, tumults, and wretchedness.

   Q.  What does Christ say of the merciful man?

   A.  He says he is “blessed for he shall obtain mercy."  He who
shows mercy and tenderness to others, will be treated with tenderness
and compassion himself.

                     OF PEACE MAKERS.
   Q.  Who are peace makers?

   A.  All who endeavour to prevent quarrels and disgrace among
men; or to reconcile those who are separated by strife.

   Q.  Is it unlawful to contend with others on any occasion?

   A.  It is impossible to avoid some differences with men; but
disputes should be always conducted with temper and moderation.
The man who keeps his temper will not be rash, and do or say
things he will afterwards repent of.  And though men
should sometimes differ, still they should be friends.  They should
be ready to do kind offices for each other.

   Q.  What is the reward of the peace maker?

   A.  He shall be “blessed, and called the child of God[.]"  The
mild, peaceable and friendly man resembles God.  What an amiable
character is this!  To be like our heavenly Father, that lovely,
perfect, and glorious being, who is the source of all good, is to be
the best and happiest of men.

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                     OF PURITY OF HEART.
   Q.  What is a pure heart?

   A.  A heart free from all bad desires and inclined to conform to
the divine will in all things.

   Q.  Should a man's intentions as well as his actions be good?

   A.  Most certainly.  Actions cannot be called good, unless the[y]
proceed from good motives.  We should wish to see and make a[ll] [sic]
all men better and happier—we should rejoice at their prosperity.
This is benevolence.

   Q.  What reward is promised to the pure in heart?

   A.  Christ has declared “they shall see God."  A pure heart is
like God, and those who possess it shall dwell in his presence, and
enjoy his favour forever.

                             OF ANGER.
   Q.  Is it right ever to be angry?

   A.  It is right in certain cases that we should be angry; as when
gross affronts are offered to us, and injuries doen us by design.  A
suitable spirit of resentment in such cases will obtain justice for us,
and protect us from further insults.

   Q.  By what rules shall anger be governed?

   A.  We should never be angry without cause; that is, we should
be certain that a man means to affront, injure, or insult us, before
we suffer ourselves to be angry.  It is wrong, it is mean, it is a
mark of a little mind, to take fire at every trifling dispute.  And
when we have real cause to be angry, we should observe moderation.
We should never be in a passion.  A passionate man is
like a mad man and is always inexcusable.  We should be cool
even in anger; and be angry no longer than to obtain justice.  In
short, we should be “angry and sin not[.]"

                          OF REVENGE.
   Q.  What is revenge?

   A.  It is to injure a man because he has injured us.

   Q.  Is this justifiable?

   A.  Never, in any possible case.  Revenge is perhaps the meanest
as well as wickedest vice in society.  Nothing but murder can equal it.

   Q.  What shall a man do to obtain justice when he is injured?

   A.  In general, laws have made provision for doing justice to
every man, and it is right and honourable, when a man is injured,
that he should seek recompence.  But a recompence is all he can
demand, and of that he should not be his own judge, but submit 
the matter to judges appointed by authority.

   Q.  But suppose a man insults us in such a manner that the
law cannot give redress?

   A.  Then forgive him.  “If a man strikes you on one cheek, turn
the other to him," and let him repeat the abuse, rather than strike him.

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   Q.  But if we are in danger from the blows of another, may
we not defend ourselves?

   A.  Most certainly.  We have always a right to defend our
persons, property and families.  But we have no right to fight and
[abuse] people merely for revenge.  It is nobler to forgive.  “Love
[ou]r enemies—bless them that curse you—do good to them that
[h]ate you—pray for those that use you ill"—these are the
com[m]ands of the blessed Saviour of men.  The man who does this is
[g]reat and good; he is as much above the little mean revengeful
man, as virtue is above vice, or as heaven is higher than hell.

                            OF JUSTICE.
   Q.  What is justice.

   A.  It is giving to every man his due.

   Q.  Is it always easy to know what is just?

   A.  It is generally easy; and where there is any difficulty in
determining, let a man consult the golden rule—"To do to
others, what he could reasonable [sic] wish they should do to them, in the
same circumstance."

   Q.  What are the ill effects of injustice?

   A.  If a man does injustice, or rather if he refuses to do justice,
he must be compelled to do it.  Then follows a law-suit, with a
series of expenses, and what is worse, ill blood and enmity between
the parties.  Somebody is always the worse for law-suits, and of
course society is less happy.

                         OF GENEROSITY.
   Q.  What is generosity?

   A.  It is some act of kindness performed for anther, which
strict justice does not demand.

   Q.  Is this a virtue?

   A.  It is indeed a noble virtue.  To do justice, is well; but to do
more than justice, is still better, and may proceed from nobler motives.

   Q.  What has Christ said respecting generosity?

   A.  He has commanded us to be generous in this passage, “Whoever
shall compel (or urge) you to go a mile, go with him two."

   Q.  Are we to perform this literally?

   A.  The meaning of the command will not always require this.
But in general we are to do more for others than they ask, provided
we can do it without essentially injuring ourselves.  We ought
cheerfully to suffer many inconveniences to oblige others, though
we are not required to do ourselves any essential injury.

   Q.  Of what advantage is generosity to the man who exercised
it?

   A.  It lays others under obligations to the generous man and the
probability is that he will be repaid threefold.  Every man on earth
wants favors at some time or other of his life; and if we will not

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help others will not help us.  It is for a man's interest to
be generous.

   Q.  Ought we to do kind actio[n]s, because it is for our interest?

   A.  This may be a motive at all times but if it is the principal
motive it is less honourable.  We ought to do good, as we have an
opportunity, at all times and to all men, whether we expect a
reward or not; for it we do good, somebody is the happier for it.  This
alone is reason enough, why we should do all the good in our power.

                          OF GRATITUDE.
   Q.  What is gratitude?

A.  A thankfulness of heart for favors received.

   Q.  Is a duty to be thankful for favors?

   A.  It is a duty and a virtue.  A man who does not feel grateful
for kind acts done for him by others, does not deserve favors of 
any kind.  He ought to be shut out from the society of the good.  He
is worse than a savage, for a savage, never forgets and act of kindness.

   Q.  What is the effect of true gratitude?

   A.  It softens the heart towards the generous man, and every
thing which subdues the pride and other unsocial passions of the
heart, fits a man to be a better citizen, a better neighbor, a better
husband and a better friend.  A man who is sensible of favors and
ready to acknowledge them, is more inclined to perform kind
offices, not only towards his benefactor, but towards all others.

                         OF TRUTH.
   Q.  What is truth?

   A.  It is speaking and acting agreeably to fact.

   Q.  Is a duty to speak truth at all times? [sic]

   A.  If we speak at all, we should tell the truth.  It is not always
necessary to tell what we know.  There are many things which
concern ourselves & others, which we had better not publish to the world.

   Q[.]  What rules are there respecting the publishing of truth?

   A.  1.  When we are called upon to testify in Courts, we should
speak the whole truth, and that without disguise.  To leave out some
circumstances, or to give a colouring to others, with a view to favor
some side more than the other, is to the highest degree criminal.

   2.  When we know something of our neighbor which is against
his character, we may not publish it unless to prevent his doing
an injury to another person.

   e[.]  When we sell any thing to another, we ought not to represent
the article to be better than it really is.  If there are faults in it which
may easily be seen, the law of an does not require us to inform
the buyer of these faults, because he may see them himself.  But
it is not honourable nor generous, nor strictly honest to conceal
even apparent faults.  But when faults are out of sight, the seller

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ought to tell the buyer of these.  If he does not he is a cheat and
a down right knave.

   Q.  What are the ill effects of lying and deceiving?

   A.  The man who lies, deceives or cheats, loses his reputation.
No person will believe him even when he speaks truth; [h]e is
shunned as a pest to society.

   Falsehood and cheating destroy all confidence between man and
man; they raise jealousies and suspicions among men; they thus
weaken the bands of society and destroy happiness.  Besides, cheating
often robs people of their property, and makes them poor and
wretched.

                    OF CHARITY AND GIVING ALMS.
   Q.  What is charity?

   A.  It signifies giving to the poor, or it is a favourable opinion
of men and their actions.

   Q.  When and how far is it our duty to give to the poor?

A.  When others really want what we can spare without material
injury to ourselves, it is our duty to give them something to
relieve their wants.

   Q.  When persons are reduced to want by there [sic] own laziness
and vices, by drunkenness, gambling and the like, is it a duty
to relieve them?

   A.  In general it is not.  The man who gives money and provisions
to a lazy vicious man, becomes a partaker of his guilt.  Perhaps
it may be right, to give such a man a meal of victuals to keep him
from starving, and it is certainly right to feed his wife and family
and make them comfortable.

   Q[.]  Who are the proper objects of charity?

   A.  Persons who are reduced to want by sickness, unavoidable
losses by fire, storms at sea or land, drouth or accidents of other
kinds.  To such persons we are commanded to give; and it is
our own interest to be charitable; for we are all liable to misfortunes,
and may want charity ourselves.

   Q.  In what manner should we bestow favours?

   A.  We should do it with gentleness and affection; putting on no
airs of pride and arrogance.  We should also take no pains to
publish our charities; but rather to conceal them; for if we boast of
our generosity we discover that we give for mean selfish motives.
Christ commands us, in giving alms, not to let our left hand know
what our right hand doeth.

   Q.  How can charity be exercised in our opinions of others?

   A.  By thinking favorable of them and their actions.  Every
man has his faults; but charity will not put a harsh construction
on another's conduct.  It will not charge his conduct to bad views
and motives, unless this appears very clear indeed.

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                     OF AVARICE.

   Q.  What is avarice?

   A.  An excessive desire of gaining wealth.

   Q.  Is this commendable?

   A.  It is not; but one of the meanest of vices.

   Q.  Can an avaricious man be an honest man.

   A.  It is hardly possible; for the lust of gain is almost always
accompanied with a disposition to take mean and undue advantages
of others.

   Q.  What effects has avarice upon the heart?

   A.  It contracts the heart—narrows the sphere of benevolence—
blunts all the fine feelings of sensibility, and sours the mind
towards society.  An avaricious man, a miser, a niggard, is wrapped
up in selfishness, like some worms, which crawl about and eat for
some time to fill themselves, then wind themselves up in
separate coverings and die.

   Q.  What injury is done by avarice in society?

   A.  Avarice gathers together more property, than the owner
wants, and keeps it hoarded up, where it does no good.  The poor
are thus deprived of some business, some means of support; the
property gains nothing to the community; and somebody is less happy
by means of this hoarding of wealth.

   Q.  In what proportion does avarice do hurt?

   A.  In an exact proportion to its power of doing good.  The
miser's heart grows less in proportion as his estate grows larger[.]
The more money he has, the more he has people in his power and
the more he grinds the face of the poor.  The larger the tree and
the more spreading its branches, the more small plants are shaded
and robbed of their nourishment.

                   OF FRUGAL[I]TY AND ECONOMY.
   Q.  What is the distinction between frugality and avarice.

   A.  Frugality is a prudent saving of property from needless waste.
Avarice gathers more and spends less than is wanted.

   Q.  What is economy?

   A. It is frugality in expenses—it is a prudent management of
one's estate.  It disposes of property for useful purposes without waste.
—To the saving of every thing which it is not necessary to
spend for comfort and convenience; and the keeping one's expenses
within his income or earnings.

   Q.  What is wastefulness?

   A.  It is the spending of money for what is not wanted.  If a
man drinks a dram, which is not necessary for him, or buys a cane
which he does not want, he wastes his money.  He injures himself,
as much as if he had thrown away his money.

   Q.  Is not waste occasioned often by mere negligence?

//N [2]//

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   A.  Very often.  The man who does not keep h is house and
barn well covered; who does not keep good fences about his
fields:  who suffers his farming utensils to lie out in the rain or on
the ground; or his cattle to waste manure in the highway, is as
much a spendthrift as the tavern hunter, the tipler and the gamester.

   Q.  Do not careless slovenly people work harder than the
neat and orderly?

   A.  Much harder.  It is more labour to destroy a growth of sturdy
weeds, than to pull them up when they first spring from the
ground.  So the disorders and the abuses which grow out of a
sloven's carelessness, in time, become almost incurable.  Hence such
people work like slaves, and to little effect.

                        OF INDUSTRY.
   Q.  What is industry?

A.  It is a diligent attention to business in our several occupations.

   Q.  Is labour a curse or a blessing?

   A.  Hard labour or drudgery is often a curse by making life
toilsome and painful.  But constant moderate labor is the greatest blessing.

   Q.  Why then do people complain of it?

   A.  Because they do not know the evils of not labouring.  Labor
keeps the body in health, and makes men relish all their enjoyments.
“The sleep of the labouring man is sweet," so is his food.
He walks cheerfully and whistling about his fields or shop, and
scarcely knows pain.

   The rich and indolent first lose their health for want of action—
They turn pale, their bodies are enfeebled, they lose their appetite
for food and sleep, they yawn out a tasteless stupid life without
pleasure, and often useless to the world.

   Q.  What are the other good effects of industry?

   A.  One effect is to procure an estate.  Our Creator has kindly
united our duty, our interest and happiness:  for the same labour
which makes us healthy and cheerful, gives us wealth.

   Another good effect of industry is, it keeps men from vice.  Not
all the moral discourses ever delivered to mankind, have so much
influence in checking the bad passions of men, in keeping order and
peace, and maintaining moral virtue, in society as industry.  Business
is a source of health; of prosperity, or virtue, and obedience to
law.

   To make good subjects and good citizens, the first requisite is to
educate every young person, in some kind of business.  The
possession of millions should not excuse a young man from application
to business, and that parent or guardian who suffers his child or his
ward to be bred in indolence, becomes accessary to the vices and

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disorders of society, he is guilty of “not providing for his household,
and is worse than an infidel."

                      OF CHEERFULNESS.
   Q.  Is cheerfulness a virtue?

   A.  It doubtless is, and a moral duty to practise it.

   Q.  Can we be cheerful when we please?

   A.  In general it depends much on ourselves.  We can often
mould our temper into a cheerful frame—We can frequent
company and other objects calculated to inspire us with cheerfulness.
To indulge a habitual gloominess of ind is weakness and sin.

   Q.  What are the effects of cheerfulness on ourselves?

   A.  Cheerfulness is a great preservative of health, over which it is
our duty to watch with care.  We have no right to sacrifice our
health by the indulgence of a gloomy state of mind.  Besides, a
cheerful man will do more business and do it better than a melancholy
one.

   Q.  What are the effects of cheerfulness on others?

   A.  Cheerfulness is readily communicated to others, by which
means their happiness is increased.  We are all influenced by
sympathy, and naturally partake of the joys and sorrows of others.

   Q.  What effect has melancholy on the heart?

   A.  It hardens and benumbs it.  It chills the warm affections of
love and friendship, and prevents the exercise of the social passions.
A melancholy person's life is all night and winter.  It is as
unnatural as perpetual darkness and frost.

   Q.  What shall one do when overwhelmed with grief?

   A.  The best method of expelling grief from the mind, or of
quieting its pains, is to change the objects that are about us; to ride
from place to place and frequent cheerful company.  It is our duty
so to do, especially when grief sits heavy on the heart.

   Q.  Is it not right to grieve for the loss of near friends?

   A.  It is certainly right, but we should endeavour to moderate
our grief, and not suffer it to impair our health, or to grow into a
settled melancholy.  The use of grief is to soften the heart and
make us better.  But when our friends are dead, we can render
them no further service.  Our duty to them ends, when we commit
them to the grave; but our duty to ourselves, our families and
surviving friends, requires that we perform to them the customary
offices of life.  We should therefore remember our departed friends
only to imitate their virtue; and not to pine away with useless
sorrow.

   Q.  Has not religion a tendency to fill the mind with gloom?

   A.  True religion never has this effect.  Superstition and false
notions of God often make men gloomy; but true rational piety
and religion have the contrary effect.  They fill the man with joy

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and cheerfulness; and the countenance of a truly pious man
should always wear a secure simile.

   Q.  What has Christ said concerning gloomy Christians?

   A.  He has pronounced them hypocrites; and commanded his
followers not to copy their sad countenances and disfigured faces;
but even in their acts of humiliation to “anoint their hands and
wash their feet."  Christ intended by this, that religion does not
consist in, nor require a monkish sadness and gravity; on the
other hand he intimates that such appearance of sanctity are generally
the marks of hypocrisy.  He expressly enjoins upon his followers,
marks of cheerfulness.  Indeed the only true ground of
perpetual cheerfulness, is a consciousness of ever having done well,
and an assurance of divine favour.

============================================================

                A FEDERAL CATECHISM
Containing a short EXPLANATION of the CONSTITUTION of the
   UNITED STATES of AMERICA, and the Principles of
   Government.

               For the Use Schools.  [sic]
   Q.  WHAT is a constitution of Government?

   A.  A constitution of government, or a political constitution,
consists in certain standing rules or ordinances, agreed upon by a
nation or state, determining the manner in which the supreme powers
shall be exercised over that nation or state, or rather how the
legislative power shall be formed.

   Q.  How many kinds of constitutions are there; or in how many
ways may the sovereign power be exercised over a people?

   A.  Constitutions are commonly divided into three kinds; monarchy,
aristocracy, and democracy.

   Q.  Explain these sorts of governments?

   A.  When the sovereign power is exercised by one person, the
constitution is a monarchy.  When a few rich men or nobles,
have the whole supreme power in their hands, the constitution is an
aristocracy.  When the supreme power is exercised by all the
citizens in a general meeting or assembly, the constitution is a
democracy.

   Q.  What are the faults of despotic governments?

   A.  In a despotic government, a whole nation is at the disposal
of one person.  If this person the prince, is of a cruel or
tyrannical disposition, he may abuse his subjects, take away their lives,
their property or their liberty.

   Q.  What objections are there to aristocracy?

   A.  In an aristocracy, where a few rich men govern, the poor
may be oppressed, the nobles may make laws to suit themselves

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and ruin the common people.  Besides, the nobles having equal
power one with another, may quarrel and throw the state into
confusion; in this case there is no person of superior power to settle
the dispute.

   Q.  What are the defects of democracy?

   A.  In a democracy, where the people meet for the purpose of
making laws, there are commonly tumults and disorders.  A small
city may sometimes be governed in this manner; but if the citizens
are numerous, their assemblies make a crowd or mob, where
the debates cannot be carried on with coolness or candour, nor can
arguments he heard:  Therefore a pure democracy is generally
a very bad government.  It is often the most tyrannical government
on earth; for a multitude is often rash, and will not hear
reason.

   Q.  Is there another and better form of government than
any of these?

   A.  There is.  A REPRESENTATIVE REPUBLIC[,] in which the
people freely choose deputies to make laws for them, is much the
best form of government hitherto invented.

   Q.  What are the peculiar advantages of representative
governments?

   A.  When deputies or representatives are chosen to make laws,
they will commonly consult the interest of the people who choose
them; and if they do not, the people can choose others in their
their room. [sic]  Besides, the deputies coming from all parts of a state,
bring together all the knowledge and information necessary to show
the true interest of the whole state; at the same time, being few
ion number, they can hear arguments and debate peaceable on a
subject.  But the great security of such governments is, that the
men who make laws are to be governed by them; so that they
are not apt to do wrong wilfully.  When men make laws for themselves,
as well as for their neighbours, they are led by their own
interest to make GOOD laws.

   Q.  Which of the former kinds of government is adopted by
the American States?

   A.  The states are all governed by constitutions that fall under
the name of representative republics.  The people choose deputies
to act for them in making laws; and in general, the deputies, when
assembled, have as full power to make and repeal laws, as the
whole body of freemen would have, if they were collected for the
purpose.

   Q.  By what name may we call the United States in their
political capacity?

   A.  A federal representaive republic.

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   Q.  How are the powers of government divided?

   A.  Into the legislative, judicial, and executive.

   Q.  What is meant by a legislative power?

   A.  By legislative is understood that body or assembly of men
who have the power of making laws and regulations for governing
state.  [sic]

   Q.  Where does the power of making laws for the United
States reside?

   A.  By the constitution of the United States, the power of making
laws is given to the representatives of the people chosen by
the people or their legislatures, and assembled in two distinct
houses.  This body of representatives so assembled, is called “the
Congress of the United States."

   Q.  What are the two separate houses called?

   A.  One is called the Senate, the other the house of Representatives.

   Q.  How i[s] the senate formed.

   A.  By two delegates from each state, chosen by the legislature
of the state, for six years.

   Q.  Why are not senators chosen every year?

   A.  Because one branch of Congress is designed to be distinguished
for firmness and knowledge of business.

   Q.  How is the house of representatives formed?

   A.  This branch of the national legislature is composed of
delegates from the several states, chosen by the people, every second
year.

   Q.  Can every an in the states vote for delegates to
Congress?

   A.  By no mans.  In almost every state some property is
necessary to give a man a right to vote.  In general, men who have
no estate, pay no taxes, and who have no settled habitation, are not
permitted to vote for rulers, because they have no interest to
secure, they may be vagabonds or dishonest men, and may be
bribed by the rich.

   Q.  Why is congress divided into two houses?

   A.  When the power of making laws is vested in a single assembly,
bills may often pass without due deliberation.  Whole assemblies
of men may be rash, hasty, passionate, tumultuous, and whenever
this happens it is safe to have some check to their proceedings,
that they may not inure the public.  One house therefore
may be a check upon the other.

   Q.  Why may Congress regulate the election of its own members
or why is not this power left entirely to the states?

   A.  For this good reason; a few states might by neglect, delay
or wilfulness, prevent the meeting of a Congress, and destroy the

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p. 151

federal government.  It is necessary that Congress should have
power to oblige the State to choose delegates, so that they may
preserve their own existence.

   Q.  It is not unjust that all should be bound to obey a law,
when all do not consent to it?

   A.  Every thing is JUST in government which is NECESSARY to
the PUBLIC GOOD.  It is impossible to bring all men to think alike
on all subjects, so that if we wait for all opinions to be alike
respecting laws, we shall have no laws at all.

   Q.  How are the members of Congress paid?

   A.  Out of the treasury of the United States, according to a
law of Congress.

   Q.  Would it not be politic to refuse them a reward, and let
them serve their country for the honour of it?

   A.  In such a case none but rich men could afford to serve as
delegates; the government would then be wholly in the hands of
the wealthy; whereas there are many men of little property, who
are among the most able, wise and honest persons in a state.

   Q.  How far do the powers of Congress extend?

   A.  The powers of Congress extend to the regulation of all
matters of a GENERAL NATURE, or such as concern ALL the United
States.

   Q.  Will not this national government in time destroy
the state governments?

   A.  It is not probable this w[i]ll be the case; indeed the national
government is the best security of the state governments; for each
state has pledged itself to support every state government.  If it
were not for our union a powerful state might conquer its weaker
neighbour, and with this addition of power, conquer the next state,
and so on, till the whole would be subject to one ambitious state.



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