A timeline of 19th-century America
Because it can be interesting and fun to see books and events in context,
this timeline is an attempt to organize things mentioned or transcribed
at this site. It begins with 1788, when The Juvenile Magazine is
published in England; it supplies much of the material for the first American
magazine for children, published a year later.
Periodicals are listed in approximate chronological order and are taken from the detailed
bibliography of American children’s periodicals
I’m assembling; the titles link directly to the description of that periodical.
Like this site, this is a work in progress.
The Juvenile Magazine is published in England; it provides much of the material for the first American magazine for children
George Washington becomes president
•
US Congress meets in New York City
1st US census: pop = 3,929,214
First 10 amendments to the US Constitution ratified; first allows for freedom of the press
•
Vermont becomes 14th state
•
May 16: an earthquake measuring 4.5 to 5.0 shakes Connecticut
White House cornerstone laid
Whiskey Rebellion
1st US circus
John Adams becomes president
US pop = 5,308,483: black = 1,002,000; free black = 108,000
•
2nd Great Awakening begins -1840s
•
DC becomes US capitol
Thomas Jefferson becomes president
•
Robert Fulton creates the first submarine
Louisiana Territory sold to US
Population of Louisiana Territory: 10,350 non-Native American, 15% of which are slaves; 3/5 of inhabitants are Americans
•
May 14: Meriwether Lewis & William Clark start up Missouri River
•
July 11: Alexander Hamilton dies in a duel with Aaron Burr
A complete eclipse of the sun darkens New England
Robert Fulton’s paddle steamer navigates the Hudson River
•
Dec 14: A meteorite breaks up over Connecticut around dawn, in a dramatic display which deposits fragments near Weston
Slave importation to US prohibited
James Madison becomes president (-1817)
US pop = 7,239,881: black = 1,378,000; free black = 186,000
•
New York City = most populated in US
July: John Brown meets a sea serpent in the north Atlantic ocean
Steamboats on Mississippi River
•
Battle of Tippecanoe
•
Great Comet (still visible early 1812)
•
Dec 16: First of hundreds of earthquakes which devastate southeast Missouri, change the course of the Mississippi River, & are felt over much of the US; the largest probably would register over 8.0 on Richter scale; aftershocks felt until February 1812
Great Comet still visible
•
War breaks out between the US & Great Britain -1815
British invade DC
•
Creek nation defeated by American forces
•
“Star-Spangled Banner” written
•
Dec 24: end of War of 1812; treaty signed in Ghent
at this site:
René, Françoise-René Chateaubriand (Samuel Griswold Goodrich translation)
Jan 8: Battle of New Orleans is last battle of the War of 1812
•
Sept 22-23: what may have been a hurricane strikes New England
Regular transatlantic shipping inaugurated
•
Florida purchased by US
•
Indiana becomes a state
Financial panic & depression -1823
•
Alabama becomes a state
•
July: Comet Tralles is visible most of the month
US pop = 9,638,453: black = 1,772,000; free black = 234,000
•
Missouri Compromise
•
New England textile mills expand as decade progresses
Monroe Doctrine
•
Mexico becomes a republic
John Quincy Adams becomes president
•
Erie Canal finished
Andrew Jackson becomes president
•
1st steam locomotive in US (“Tom Thumb”)
•
Venus begins to brighten in the sky as the planet swings closer to Earth
•
Nov 13: Sam Patch, famous for jumping from great heights, dies jumping the Genesee Falls; his body isn’t found until March 1830
US pop = 12,866,020: black = 2,329,000; free black = 320,000
•
Mormon Church established; Book of Mormon published
•
1st Jack Downing letters, Seba Smith
•
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad begin operation
•
Jan 13: Venus at its brightest
Nat Turner leads a slave uprising in Virginia
•
Francis Abbott—who for 2 years had lived as a hermit at Niagara Falls—drowns while swimming in a small stream
Mill women strike, Lowell, Massachusetts
•
In England, Charles Babbage creates the “analytical engine,” which will develop into what you’re using right now
Texas wins independence from Mexico & becomes the Lone Star Republic ( -1845)
Jan 26: unusually bright aurora borealis seen in east & midwest
•
Financial panic
•
Border tensions begin between the US & Canada -1839
•
Martin Van Buren becomes president
at this site:
“
The Aurora Borealis,” by “Francis” (
Youth’s Magazine [Cincinnati, Ohio]; April 14)
•
“
Interview of the Blind with the Deaf and Dumb” (
Youth’s Magazine [Cincinnati, Ohio]; April 14)
•
“
Reading is Not Thinking” (
Youth’s Magazine [Cincinnati, Ohio]; May 26)
•
“
Reading for Young Ladies” (
Youth’s Magazine [Cincinnati, Ohio]; July 7)
•
“
Do Your Duty to Your Brothers and Sisters,” by Lydia Sigourney (
Youth’s Magazine [Cincinnati, Ohio]; July 7)
•
“
War and Glory,” by Samuel Johnson (
Youth’s Magazine [Cincinnati, Ohio]; July 7)
•
“
The Beautiful Slave” (
Youth’s Magazine [Cincinnati, Ohio]; September)
•
“
The Noble Negro,” by Hannah More (
Youth’s Magazine [Cincinnati, Ohio]; September)
•
“
Exemplary” (
Youth’s Magazine [Cincinnati, Ohio]; October)
•
Selections from The Pearl; or, Affection’s Gift
Aroostook War
•
Financial depression -1843
US pop = 17,069,453: black = 2,874,000; free black = 386,000
•
2,816 miles of railroad in operation
•
Washington Temperance Society formed
William Henry Harrison becomes president; dies after one month
•
John Tyler becomes president on Harrison’s death
•
Brook Farm established (Lousia May Alcott lives here as child) -1847
•
Women granted university degrees for first time
Communes established: Amana; Fruitlands -1843; Hopedale -1856 (Robert Merry’s Museum subscriber William F. Draper lives here)
•
P.T. Barnum’s American Museum opens in New York City
•
Charles Dickens tours the United States; writes American Notes, which outrages Americans
Comet visible
•
Millerites prepare for the end of the world -1844
Great Comet
•
May 24: first telegraph message (Samuel Morse) sent from Washington, DC, to Baltimore, Maryland
Mar 3: Florida admitted as a state
•
Mar 4: James K. Polk inaugurated as president
•
August 18: Mars appears larger & brighter than usual as it reaches perihelic opposition
•
Dec 19: Texas admitted as a state
at this site:
“
What Books Shall I Read?,” Simon Brown
•
“
Dangers of Childhood, and Means of Obviating Them,” George Whippel (
The Mother’s Assistant; February)
•
“
Family Education,” Lavinia H. Pillsbury (
The Mother’s Assistant; April)
•
“
The Morality of Pictures,” William A. Alcott (
The Mother’s Assistant and the Young Lady’s Friend; April)
•
“
Alfred Poole” (
Robert Merry’s Museum; May)
•
“
Moral Poisons: The Antidote,” F. C. W. (
The Mother’s Magazine; May)
•
“
Confinement of Children in School,” Dr. James Jackson (
The Mother’s Assistant; July)
•
“
Treatment of Children at School,” Dr. S. B. Woodward (
The Mother’s Assistant; October)
•
“
Vicious Novels: Cause of Their Increase,” F. C. W. (
The Mother’s Magazine; December)
•
Eliza Piatt’s copybook
•
Wonders of Geology, by Samuel Griswold Goodrich
•
A Home in the Sea; or, The Adventures of Philip Brusque, Samuel Griswold Goodrich
•
Margaret, by Sylvester Judd
Jan: Double comet visible
•
Oct 16: Gilbert Abbott first American to be operated on under anaesthetic (ether)
•
War begins between US & Mexico -1848
•
Ireland’s potato famine spurs emigration to US
•
Neptune discovered by Johann Galle, Germany
•
Oregon acquired
•
Bear Flag War
•
Donner Party trapped in the mountains
•
Howe develops sewing machine
•
Dec 28: Iowa admitted as a state
at this site:
“
A New Year’s Address” (
Robert Merry’s Museum; January)
•
poem (
Robert Merry’s Museum; January)
•
“
Another Story for Boys,” by Orpha (
Youth’s Companion; January 7)
•
“
Lines, on the Death of W.,” by S. (
Youth’s Companion; January 14)
•
“
Repining and Repentance” (
Youth’s Companion; February 12)
•
“
The Farmer and Soldier,” by Lydia Sigourney (
Youth’s Companion; February 12)
•
“
The Snow Storm” (
Youth’s Companion; February 12)
•
“
The Two Houses” (
Youth’s Companion; 12 February)
•
“
Petrified Forest on the Nile” (
Young People’s Magazine; March)
•
“
Child’s Grief,” by Mary Ann (
Youth’s Companion; April 2)
•
“
My Schoolmates: The Contrast,” by Abby (
Youth’s Companion; June 5)
•
“
My Schoolmates: The Inquirer,” by Abbie (
Youth’s Companion; June 12)
•
“
My Schoolmates: The Victim,” by Abbie (
Youth’s Companion; June 19)
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“
The Boy Who Loved Truth,” by Julia A. Fletcher (
Youth’s Companion; June 26)
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“
My Schoolmates: The Widow,” by Abbie (
Youth’s Companion; June 26)
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“
My Schoolmates: Kate Kennedy,” by Abby (
Youth’s Companion; July 2)
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“
My Schoolmates: The Sensitive Plant,” by Abbie (
Youth’s Companion; July 9)
•
two celebrations of American Independence Day (
Youth’s Companion; July 23)
•
“
Jane Graham; or, ‘I Shant Marry That Man’ ” (
Youth’s Companion; July 23)
•
“
Hay-Making” (
Youth’s Companion; July 23)
•
“
Nursery Rhymes: A Dialogue” (
Robert Merry’s Museum; August)
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“
Pleasant and Profitable” (
Youth’s Companion; August 27)
•
“
Authorcraft” (
Littell’s Living Age; 6 June)
•
A Mid-Century Child & Her Books, Caroline M. Hewins (born 1846)
Mormons found Salt Lake City
Jan 24: gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill, in California
•
Feb 2: war with Mexico ends
•
Mar 31: Spirits rap out messages in the presence of Margaretta & Katherine Fox, of Hydesville Village, New York, & Spiritualism sweeps the US
•
May 29: Wisconsin admitted as a state
•
May: by end, half of those in San Francisco, California, gone seeking gold
•
Seneca Falls suffrage meeting
Zachary Taylor becomes president
•
Gold rush: 40,000+ arrive in California
•
Cholera epidemic sweeps South
•
Mar 3: Minnesota established as a territory
•
Mar 5: Zacharay Taylor inaugurated
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May 10: Rivalry between actors Edwin Forrest and William Macready culminates in Astor Place riots in New York City: 31 die; at least 48 injured
•
Great Chinese Museum, containing exhibits on aspects of Chinese life, opens in New York City
at this site:
“
A New Year’s Salutation” (
Robert Merry’s Museum; January)
•
“
The Skater’s Song” (
Youth’s Cabinet; January)
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“
School Learning,” by Helen C. Knight (
The Mother’s Assistant and Young Lady’s Friend; January)
•
“
Geology” (
Young People’s Mirror; March)
•
“
William, the Negro Boy,” by Jane L. Gray (
Youth’s Cabinet; April)
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“
Hints for Children” (
Youth’s Companion; April 12)
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Account of the Terrific and Fatal Riot at the New-York Astor Place Opera House
•
“
What the Steam Engine Does” (
Youth’s Companion; July 19)
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“
Touching Expression” (
Youth’s Companion; 19 July)
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“
Tomo and the Wild Lakes,” by Rev. John Todd (
Youth’s Companion; July 19)
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“
Life in the Woods” (
Youth’s Companion; July 19)
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“
The School-Mistress,” by M. W. D. (
Youth’s Companion; September 13)
•
“
Sabbath Scholar Drowned” (
Youth’s Companion; September 13)
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“
A Step from the Altar to the Tomb,” by J. E. E. (
Youth’s Companion; September 13)
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“
The Old School House,” by J. A. (
Youth’s Companion; November 15)
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“
Hints to Young Men” (
Youth’s Companion; November 22)
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“
A Good Girl at School” (
Youth’s Companion; November 22)
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“
The Wanderer’s Return,” by M. W. D. (
Youth’s Companion; November 22)
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“
Unnatural Children” (
Youth’s Companion; November 22)
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“
Young Men,” by Charlotte Gilman (
Youth’s Companion; November 22)
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“
Unhappy Elopement” (
Youth’s Companion; November 22)
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“
Thy Will Be Done,” by W. (
Youth’s Companion; November 22)
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“
You Will Be Wanted” (
Youth’s Companion; November 22)
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“
Fossil Foot-Prints” (
Young People’s Mirror; December)
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New and True Stories for Children
•
Diary of a Little Girl in Old New York, by Catherine Elizabeth Havens
US pop = 23,191,876: black = 3,639,000; free black = 435,000
•
Cholera epidemic sweeps Midwest
•
House sparrows (Passer domesticus) released in New York City; eventually spread continent-wide
•
July 9: Zachary Taylor dies; Millard Fillmore becomes president
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Sept 9: California admitted as free state
•
Sept 11: Jenny Lind gives first performance in the US -1852
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Sept 18: Fugitive Slave Bill passed
Katherine Fox’s confession that “spirit rapping” was a fraud is made public
•
Cast-iron frame building constructed
•
Boston, Massachusetts: mob rescues fugitive slave
•
May 15: Erie Railroad opens
•
August 12: patent for a practical sewing machine granted to Isaac Merrit Singer
Xenophobic “Young America” movement reaches its peak
•
Double comet visible
Yellow fever epidemic rages in Louisiana and Mississippi until 1855
•
Boston Public Library opens
•
Railroad goes from New York to Chicago
•
Elisha Kane leads an unsuccessful expedition to find Arctic explorer John Franklin -1855
•
Comet
•
Jan 12: Baltimore & Ohio Railroad completed
•
Mar 4: Franklin Pierce inaugurated as president
•
July 8: trade with Japan opened after a show of force by Commodore
Matthew C. Perry
at this site:
“
Children and Children’s Parties,” S. B. S. (
The Mothers’ Journal and Family Visitant)
•
“
Physical Education of Children” (
Tilt’s Elements of Health)
•
“
Early Culture of Children,” G. M. J. (
The Mothers’ Journal and Family Visitant)
•
“
Clothing for Girls,” G. M. J. (
The Mothers’ Journal and Family Visitant)
•
“
Children’s Rights,” “Fanny Fern”
•
“
Henry Sanford’s Teacher,” by Eliza A. Chase (
The Student; May)
•
“
Riddle,” by Samuel Griswold Goodrich (
Robert Merry’s Museum; June)
•
“
Parental Duties,” J. W. Guernsey (
The Mother’s Assistant and Young Lady’s Friend; July)
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“
Means of Exercise for Girls” (
The Student; July)
•
“
Love of Nature” (
The Mother’s Assistant and Young Lady’s Friend; August)
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Review of Fern Leaves from Fanny’s Portfolio (
The Student; September)
•
“
Novel Reading” (
The Western Gem; October)
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“
Negro Songs—American Music,” by Ser. Longley (
Western Gem; October)
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“
Conversation. To Young Ladies” (
The Mother’s Assistant and Young Lady’s Friend; November)
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“
Placing a Daughter at School,” Motte Hall (
The Student; November)
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Two pieces on behavior at school (
The Student; November)
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“
Letters About Geology,” by “Professor Pickaxe” (
The Student)
•
Fern Leaves from Fanny’s Portfolio, “Fanny Fern” (Sara Payson Willis)
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The Behaviour Book, Eliza Leslie
•
The Holiday Book, Francis C. Woodworth
Trade treaty between Japan & US
•
Railroad reaches Mississippi River
•
Free-Soil party promotes settlement of Kansas (family of Robert Merry’s Museum subscribers Viola & Lawrence Drinkwater move to Kansas Territory in 1855, as Free-Soilers)
•
Annular eclipse of the sun visible in much of North America
•
May 26: Kansas-Nebraska bill passed
Violence in Kansas by both pro- and anti-slavery factions
•
Charter Oak in Hartford, Connecticut, where Connecticut’s charter was hidden in 1687 when it was demanded by the power-hungry governor of Massachusetts, falls during a storm; souvenirs are made of its wood
•
May 22: Preston Brooks, US senator from South Carolina, takes issue with remarks by Massachusetts senator Charles Sumner, & attacks him with a cane on the floor of the Senate; a measure to expell Brooks from the Senate fails to pass
•
August 18: copyright law passed by Congress
at this site:
“
Carrier’s Address” (
Robert Merry’s Museum; January)
•
“
A Happy New Year,” by Francis Forrester (
Youth’s Cabinet; January)
•
adoption ads (
New York Daily Tribune; January 14)
•
“
A Literary Man in Distress,” by “Literatus” (
New York Daily Tribune; January 14)
•
“
Cross Questions and Crooked Answers,” by Susanna Newbould (
Youth’s Cabinet; February)
•
“
Diligent David,” by Francis Forrester (
Youth’s Cabinet; February)
•
“
Uncle Frank in Kansas,” by Francis Woodworth (
Youth’s Cabinet; June)
•
“
Thanksgiving Memories,” by Francis Woodworth (
Youth’s Cabinet; October)
•
“
Who Are the Aggressors?,” by Samuel Griswold Goodrich (
New York Evening Post; October 15)
•
“
The Prairies of Kansas,” by Francis Woodworth (
Youth’s Cabinet; November)
•
“
Degeneracy of Stature,” Thrace Talmon (
National Era; 18 December)
•
The Travels, Voyages, and Adventures of Gilbert Go-Ahead, Samuel Griswold Goodrich
•
Recollections of a Lifetime, Samuel Griswold Goodrich
Company formed by Cyrus W. Field begins to lay Transatlantic Cable between Ireland and Newfoundland
•
James Edward Allen Gibbs perfects the first practical sewing machine
•
Mar 4: James Buchanan inaugurated as president
•
Mar 6: Dred Scott case decided
•
August 24: financial panic
Religious revival sweeps the nation
•
May 11: Minnesota admitted as a state
•
August 5: laying of Transatlantic Cable finished
•
August 16: first message sent via Transatlantic Cable
•
Sept-Oct: Comet Donati visible, one of 3 comets in the skies
•
Oct 9: first cross-country mail delivery
Feb 14: Oregon admitted as state
•
Oct 16: John Brown seizes arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, West Virginia (former Robert Merry’s Museum subscriber R. W. North is member of militia that captures him)
•
Dec 2: John Brown hanged
•
1st commercial oil well dug, Titusville, Pennsylvania
US population = 31,443,321: black = 4,442,000; free black = 488,000
•
Pony Express -1861
•
Nov 6: Abraham Lincoln wins presidential election
•
Dec 20: South Carolina secedes from the Union
Great Comet
•
Southern states secede from the Union: January 9: Mississippi; January 10: Florida; January 11: Alabama; January 19: Georgia; January 26: Louisiana
•
Jan 29: Kansas admitted as a free state
•
Feb 4: Confederate States of America formed
•
Feb 8: the Confederate States of America officially formed
•
Feb 18: Jefferson Davis becomes president of Confederacy
•
Mar 4: Abraham Lincoln becomes president of Union
•
April 12-13: Fort Sumter, South Carolina, standing against Confederacy, is fired on until it is surrendered
•
April 17: Virginia secedes from the Union
•
April 19: blockade of Southern ports ordered
•
More states secede: May 6: Arkansas; May 20: North Carolina; June 8: Tennessee
Free delivery of mail established in cities
•
Jan 1: Emancipation Proclamation takes effect
•
June 20: West Virginia admitted to the Union
•
Dec 31-Jan 1864: the American Midwest endures tremendous cold and near-blizzard conditions
Oct 31: Nevada admitted to the Union
Free mail delivery established in cities of more than 50,000
•
Mar 4: Abraham Lincoln inaugurated for second term
•
April 9: General Robert E. Lee capitulates to General Ulysses S. Grant
•
April 14: Abraham Lincoln assassinated;
father of former Robert Merry’s Museum subscriber Fanny Seward also targeted
•
April 15: Andrew Johnson inaugurated as president
•
Dec 13: 13th amendment adopted
at this site:
“
Elva Seeking Her Fortune,” by Sophie May (
Robert Merry’s Museum)
•
Eye and Ear Notes, by “Uncle James” (James Redpath) (
Youth’s Companion)
•
Science & technology notes (
Youth’s Companion)
•
Animals in the Civil War (
Youth’s Companion)
•
Children & changing times (
Youth’s Companion)
•
assassination of Abraham Lincoln (
Youth’s Companion)
•
premium portrait of Abraham Lincoln (
Little Corporal)
•
“
The Volunteer’s Thanksgiving,” by Lucy Larcom (
Our Young Folks; January)
•
“
The Color-Bearer,” by John Townsend Trowbridge (
Our Young Folks; January)
•
“
The Capture of Savannah” (
Youth’s Companion; January 5)
•
“
Our Exchanged Prisoners” (
Youth’s Companion; January 5)
•
advertisements for Our Young Folks & Robert Merry’s Museum (
Youth’s Companion; January 12)
•
“
The Veteran’s Farewell,” by “Blue-Eyed Lora” (
Robert Merry’s Museum; February)
•
memorial page for Adelbert Older, with poetry by Belle P. R. and Adelbert Older (
Robert Merry’s Museum; February)
•
“
Adventures of a ‘Merry’ Boy” (
Robert Merry’s Museum; February)
•
“
Allie’s Christmas Eve,” by “Lillie Linden” (
Robert Merry’s Museum; February)
•
“
Neglected Children” (
Youth’s Companion; February 23)
•
“
The City Girl,” by “Gail Hamilton” (Abigail Dodge) (
Our Young Folks; March)
•
“
White Slaves (
Youth’s Companion; March 9)
•
“
The Inauguration of President Lincoln” (
Youth’s Companion; March 9)
•
“
The Would-be Lady and the True One,” by Mrs. P. P. Bonney (
Youth’s Companion; March 16)
•
“
A True Story” (reprinted;
Youth’s Companion; March 23)
•
“
Turn About, Fair Play,” by Augusta Moore (
Youth’s Companion; April 13)
•
“
The Great National Tragedy” (
Youth’s Companion; April 27)
•
“
Booth and Bad Literature” (
Youth’s Companion; May 11)
•
“
Sugar-Making by the Indians” (
Youth’s Companion; May 18)
•
“
Unella,” by Madge (
Robert Merry’s Museum; June)
•
advertisements for Dr. Brown’s Baby-Tender (
Robert Merry’s Museum; June & July)
•
two poems for July 4, 1865 (Robert Merry’s Museum; July)
•
“July 4, 1865,” by “Lulie” (
Student & Schoolmate; July)
•
“
The Boys’ Fourth-of-July,” by Julia Pratt Ballard (
Robert Merry’s Museum; July)
•
“
The American Flag,” by Mrs. P. A. Hanaford (
Student & Schoolmate; July)
•
“
The Army of the American Eagle” (
Little Corporal; July)
•
editorial comment on July 4, 1865 (
Robert Merry’s Museum; July)
•
editorial from “The Teacher’s Desk” (
Student & Schoolmate; July)
•
“
Willie Lincoln,” by Emily J. Bugbee (
Little Corporal; July)
•
“
Victory at Last,” by C. C. (
Robert Merry’s Museum; July)
•
“
The Conspirators” (
Youth’s Companion; July 6)
•
“
Imagination or Affectation (
Youth’s Companion; July 13)
•
“
The Execution” (
Youth’s Companion; July 20)
•
“
A Soldier To-night is Our Guest” (
Youth’s Companion; August 10)
•
“
Going into Business for Himself,” by Mrs. P. P. Bonney (
Youth’s Companion; August 11)
Cholera epidemic ravages several cities
•
14th amendment adopted
US purchases Alaska from Russia: $7,200,000
•
Mar 1: Nebraska admitted as a state
•
Dec 2: Charles Dickens gives his first reading during his second tour of the US
Sporting-goods store Peck & Snyder features photos of baseball teams on its trade cards, thereby inventing the baseball card
(J. T. Crane probably didn’t approve)
•
Dec 3: trial of Jefferson Davis begins
Cross-continental railroad completed
•
Feb 15: charges against Jefferson Davis dropped
•
Mar 4: Ulysses S. Grant becomes president (-1877)
•
Sept 24: speculators attempting to corner the gold market cause economic panic
US population = 39,818,449
•
Jan 26: Virginia readmitted to the Union
•
Feb 23: Mississippi readmitted to the Union
•
Mar 30: Texas readmitted to the Union; 15th amendment adopted
•
July 15: Georgia readmitted to the Union
Nov 5: the Mary Celeste leaves New York, New York, with a crew of seven, the captain, and the captain’s wife & child, bound for Genoa, Italy
•
Nov 9: Boston Fire; Horace B. Fuller’s publishing offices (he published Robert Merry’s Museum) burn; he never recovers financially
•
Dec 4: the Mary Celeste is found adrift off the Azores, its cargo intact, but with no one on board; its lifeboat is missing
Children magazines founded:
St. Nicholas